Context of Communication Essay

Explain how to adapt communication with children and young people for: Building relationships is important in children and young people. You need to adapt your behaviour and communication accordingly. Assessing the situation and environment you are in. It is important that children in all situations feel secure and have a sense of value from you. Your interaction with them should show this. You need to be able to create a positive relationship with children and young people this in turn will create a positive relationship, which will allow them to feel, accepted as part of the school community. Age of a child or young person. Different ages will require different levels of attention. It is up to you to be able to differentiate the different levels. A younger child may need assurance and more physical contact rather than an older child. As a child matures the physical contact is reduced and instead there is an increase level of confidence needed. They will need more help in expressing their opinions and thought’s across as well as involving themselves in discussion. Adapting your vocab is a good way to help progress in these levels as well as your response. Reacting positively by listening and responding to them accurately will help in their progress of effective communication. The context of communication You need to be aware of different situations such as age, place etc. you will need to adapt the communication to this situation. Being aware of children/young adults’ level of development and understanding of cognitive and language ability. When starting to talk to child/young person it is usually best to try and talk about them about something they like. For example talk to them about football, music or computer games. When talking about something they know it is makes them feel more comfortable when talking to you. As well you can talk to them about hobbies, interests, friends and family which will hopefully let you know some of things they do at home and outside of school. This will make it easier to start a conversation off by asking about a family member or what a certain activity was like. Making the child/young person talk to you in friendly way. But it is important to remember though that you are not the child/young person friend or parent you have to always be clear a bout your role.

Opposition to the Tsar increase in the years 1881-1914

Why did opposition to the Tsar increase in the years 1881-1914 During the period of 1881- 1914 opposition towards the Tsar in Russia increased. The main reasons as to why opposition towards the Tsar arose in Russia can be seen to be as a result of the discontentment growing between the Russian people. A strong sense of discontent spread throughout Russia, this because Russia had suffered from extreme domestic and economic troubles in this period.The most significant troubles which Russian citizens experienced -eventually leading to the opposition of the Tsar ,was their ant for political change, strict censorship, oppression of the Okrana, their want for political change , their poor standard of living , lack of trust of Tsarist government following the Russo-Japanese war and finally the 1905 revolution . The first cause as to why opposition to the Tsar increased in the years 1881-1914 is the Russian peoples want for political change. Their want for political change is due to the stri ct, oppressive and censored regime of state they lived in.Following the assassination of his father Alexander II, Alexander Ill undid the reforms previously made by his father nd introduced his own reforms during his reign of 1881-1894. One major reform introduced by Alexander was the Russification of Russia. This restricted the language in Russia to Russian only; it also openly started attacks on Jews. Despite the Jews being a minority group within Russia, the Jewish population was vast and a majority of Russians were Jewish, therefore the Russification of the Jews meant that the Tsar lost the support of a lot of the Russian population which led to further opposition.Alexander also launched a campaign of repression to all those supporting political eform, he also restricted press freedom as well as ensuring foreign books & newspapers were rigorously censored. This led to unrest in Russia as many felt their freedom was taken away and were against the form of control they now were un der. This was worsened as the Okhrana (the secret police) was established. The Okhrana worked undercover, infiltrating organisations and groups which might present a danger to the Tsar; the Okhrana was highly unpopular within Russia with the people as its tactics of control were severe and violent.This therefore increased opposition o the Tsar as a wide amount of Russians were angry at their lack of civil rights, which had been infringed under the Tsars reforms. The second cause as to why opposition to the Tsar increased in the years 1881-1914 was the poor standard of living the majority of the working class experienced . This is because despite the Russian industry and unemployment levels improving during the 1890s as a result of the ‘great spurt', the working condition for the working class in factories and in industrial towns was very poor.Russia's industrial towns could not cope with its ever rowing population and consequently the working class had to cope with poor workin g conditions and lower pay. This meant their standard of living declined and they could now only afford the minimum necessities the required to stay alive, despite working long hours in a poor working environment. As a response to this workers attempted to encourage a reform to better their working conditions.However they received no response torm the Tsarist ernment, this theretore led to the opposition of the Tsar as many felt neglected by the Tsar and Government. The third cause as to why opposition to the Tsar increased in the years 1881-1914 was the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The defeat was a major blow to Russia who had been over confident about being victorious. The defeat led to a mutual feeling of humiliation across Russia, the Russian people would have been embarrassed that they a large country lost to what were a much smaller inferior country.The Russians blamed the government for the loss of the war and therefore resentment towards the gover nment built up, not Just from the citizens but lso from the army and naw who were angry that they were under prepared for the war. The defeat also changed the Russian's attitudes towards the Tsar Nicholas. The image of the Tsar being all powerful and the protector of his empire was severely affected, and people's ideas about the Tsar changed, they thought he was powerful enough to bring them victory against Japan , especially as they believed the Tsar was chosen by God.However incidents such as the defeat in Tsushima showed that the Tsar was in fact weak as he did not lead Russia to victory. The defeat and failure of he Tsar led to people turning against him as their belief in him was lost, this therefore led to an increase in opposition towards the Tsar. The fourth cause as to why opposition to the Tsar increased in the years 1881-1914 was the uproar of the revolution in 1905. The Russian people were already marginally against the Tsar and government, but by 1905 the opposition inc reased dramatically leading to a revolution.The revolution began after five men were sacked from a factory in St Petersburg, the workers from the same factory felt the dismissal was unjust and herefore went on strike in protest in an attempt to get the workers reinstated. The word spread of the protest and by Friday 7th January 105,000 workers went on strike in disgust. Not only did many feel disgusted at the workers dismissal, the events further reminded them of the troubles they were facing under their state control, one of the most recent troubles being that their 1905 petition for political change was refused.Furthermore this led to large demonstrations being organised. However the Tsar and Government banned the demonstrations and placed thousands of troops round St Petersburg on bridges to stop the marches, in an attempt to keep public unrest under control to avoid further opposition spreading. Despite the protests being banned the marchers continued with their demonstrations a nd headed to the Winter Palace. However once they reached the Palace the demonstrators were shot down. The shootings at the demonstrators led to 800 participants being wounded and 200 killed. This led to greater opposition of the Tsar.This is because the shooting of the demonstrators ,which became known as ‘bloody Sunday, proved to the Russian itizens that the Tsar was unwilling to listen to their pleas and was prepared to go to the extremes of violence , killing their friends or family ,all in attempt to stop them from protesting for what they believed in. This therefore made them feel angry.

Season and Scientific Aspect

Essay I started fasting in Navratri only 2 years ago and continued keeping it for both the seasons. I was more interested in the scientific aspect of fasting, i. e. during the period of season change human body is more prone to external infections than rest of the year. Also praying to â€Å"shakti†, the power or energy which is source of all the actions and is best represented by solar influences is not only part of Hinduism but every religion believes in it. So this exercise of fasting, for me, is to maintain both physical and mental balance during climate change.The rules of Navratri clearly say that, we should not consume meat, alcohol, grains and regular salt. I always take enough calories which can keep me going all day, so I don’t feel any difference from other days. There come few moments of weaknesses when I can feel that my stomach is empty and I can’t have anything to eat (because I don’t have access to kitchenL) and when I want to eat something â€Å"chatpata† and again I can’t have it(because I am not allowed to L) .Most difficult of all is 8th day when it seems impossible to go on anymore and that too in a place where everyone else can eat pizza and chili potato. The people around you also affect a lot about how you feel in these days. It’s a lot easier to keep fast when I am at home. In a nutshell, 9 days of navratri are more about self control. The human body is detoxified due to this practice. In the end when it is over I can feel significant changes, I feel good because it becomes easier to avoid unhealthy meals. Basically this exercise is effective in long term.

Effective management of both discipline and grievance is achieved by Essay

Effective management of both discipline and grievance is achieved by the following the principles of procedures without invoking them in practice - Essay Example This definition of organisational stakeholders includes those internal and external to the organisation. The definition highlights that organisational stakeholders will have similar overall goals and objectives but there will be some key differences not only in the importance placed on each but also how the organisation achieves them. An organisations stakeholders can include an almost endless list of employees, suppliers, customers, shareholders etc that can be broken down and sorted into various groups with independent goals and objectives designed to meet their own view of effective organisational behaviour. An example of stakeholder conflict can be seen at The Countryside Agency, a government body with the aim of improving the quality of the Countryside for those who use it and the quality of life for people in rural communities. Simply by dissecting the aim of the body it is possible to see that there are clearly conflicting interests at an organisational level because it is try ing to satisfy two major external groups at the outset by balancing the needs of those who live in The Countryside with those who visit it. Internal stakeholders such as the finance department view their role as ensuring that any public money that has been spent was justifiable and recorded and stored accurately. This is often to the annoyance of the Policy work areas who feel stronger about improving the countryside than the bureaucratic process of justifying and recording public spending often seeing the financial procedures as a time consuming hindrance. This conflict means that each stakeholder will have a different view of whether the organisation is successful or not and will have different solutions to what they individually see as being the key obstacles to success. When looking at how the management of people can contribute to effective organisational behaviour, development and good health through leadership it is important to establish the

Informal Report Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informal Report - Personal Statement Example Apart from being a BA student at the Goldsmith University he has had a number of musical and theatrical experiences. I made me feel that everything was going good so far, as he showed his keen interest in the project. As I needed actors for this project, I contacted the drama department to help me out as I needed two female actors, after which six actresses contacted me through email. It was to me surprise that out of these six actresses who had contacted me, there were two actress named Michelle and Jenny who had worked with me previously in another project called 'Hello Again' therefore at this point I actually had to decided whether I should arrange for an audition for these six actresses including Jenny and Michelle or just take them without an audition. Thus I found it appropriate to discuss the issue with Sung Hyun, after we have discussed we decided to take Jenny and Michelle directly without an audition. They both happily accepted our offers. So far little progress had been reached towards the success of the project. However later I actually had to face some problems. For instance, I tried to contact Michelle so that she could provide me with the score and the script, but I wasn't able to contact neither by email nor by cell phone. Even then there were issues that were more serious and problematic; the person whom Sung Hyun referred, which we had decided to take as the music director was already involved with another therefore he was not able to join us and he told us that later he was going United States for his holidays. This was such a lack of responsibility, however no one to be blamed. Later there onwards I searched for another music director, though this wasn't easy. Finally I got an email from a person who showed interest in my project. She was a Korean and a major in music. Therefore a I discussed her offer with Sung Hyun, but she refused saying that she doesn't want to appoint a Korean, because she said what we are working on requires speaking with the native speakers and she I think th at native speakers are if not unwilling they are uncomfortable to work with the non native speaker. Even though I was quite disappointed with Sung's perception, I had nothing else than to agree to her, therefore I told her to continue to search for a music director. Thus what I could only do was to wait and wait. Thereafter Sung told me after about a couple of days that Theo wanted to work with us. But the issue was this that he could join us after his holidays were over which were only about fifteen days before the show. As the show was to be on the 27th of April, I thought that fifteen days before the show would be appropriate. After when he set the days for rehearsal on the 10th and 11th I realized that o should now call Michelle, therefore I emailed her again so that she could join us. However at this time I was able to contact her thus in her response she confirmed that she was going to join us, but after only a single day I received her conformation email, she vanished again and didn't even gave me response. Now I had nothing else to look for another actress, therefore I talked to Sung Hyun. Fortunately, Natasha was introduced to us by our music director Theo. On the other hand during this period Jonathan contacted me and asked if I was willing to work

European union law free movemenet of goods Case Study

European union law free movemenet of goods - Case Study Example c) Denmark has passed a law banning the use of plastic packaging and requiring the use of recyclable materials instead, such as paper or aluminium foil. SCP's Cheesy Snax have always been sold in plastic packs, and no other material is as effective in keeping them fresh. d) Ireland has passed a law requiring all food products to be guaranteed free from genetically modified (GM) produce. SCP goes to great lengths to ensure that it does not knowingly use GM products, but it knows that it cannot be absolutely sure that the ingredients it buys are totally free from contamination. 2. The case of Keck drew a distinction between rules relating to the goods themselves and rules relating to selling arrangements. Do you consider that this distinction is a useful or practical way of determining which rules are contrary to Article 28, EC Treaty 1. The questions and issues pertaining hereto relate to obstacles to internal trade in the European Community. As counsel I would approach each case by looking firstly into the municipal legislation and the existence of harmonisation and attempt the procedural removal of the related obstacles from that direction. Where no such harmonisation was made, the approach will be taken from the concept of mutual recognition under Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome. The obstacles herein are obviously not fiscal, so analysis of their natures will also be made whether the bases fall under the mandatory requirements1 or justified exceptional grounds (to Article 30) for prohibitions or restrictions or whether they do constitute arbitrary discrimination or disguised restriction on trade between Member States.2 Only when the proper evaluation of the factual and legal issues is made can the proper remedies be considered and taken in the proper fora. 1.a. France. In this particular case, the subject matter relates to food which is already subject to harmonisation and the French ban is made on the basis of a preservative SO2. Any relief can only be made pursuant to EU regulations on the matter of food safety, in this case Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 which has a horizontal effect. Determination must be made whether the ban on SO2 containing foodstuffs was made based on risk analysis under Article 6 of the said regulation or as a precautionary measure pursuant to Article 7 thereof. The problem only stated that said ban was made after the publication of one scientific study suggesting carcinogenic tendencies in food products containing the said preservative despite the existence of contrary findings of many other scientific studies. In other words, the scientific study was not a risk assessment within the context of Regulation No. 178/2002. Furthermore, it was not a risk management measure and could not have taken into account the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority or the factors of proportionality and non-restrictiveness of trade under Article 7 of the said regulation. On such ground, I would advice SCP to pursue an initial claim in the French government for the suspension of the ban and the conduct of a proper and independent risk assessment based on all available scientific evidence on the matter. If denied, the proper claim may be made in the French Court of First Instance for the relief of the ban and an appeal in the Supreme Court if denied. If further denied, a

Romantic Relationship Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Romantic Relationship - Case Study Example After some distance, the train reached as certain destination along the way and some passengers were alighting including an old man who sat beside Pamela. Jerry knew that it was best for him to use the opportunity to move and occupy the space beside Pamela because he also felt attraction. As he headed to the seat, Pamela felt unease and turned her face way from Jerry. She knew that Jerry received her signals and was reacting. On occupying the space, Jerry greeted Pamela who responded positively. With slight smile, Jerry asked Pamela about her destination and both realized to be heading to the same destination. It is there that Jerry initiated talks that later developed until they exchanged contacts and would later meet to advance their intentions. Jerry and Pamela developed great passion and intimacy for one another, but were still living apart. Pamela could develop cold feelings and mood when it took long before meeting Jerry and vice versa. Both could express feelings of â€Å"missing one another† when a week lapsed without meeting and engaging in sexual intercourse. In fact, Pamela seemed so inclined into the relationship and cliqued to Jerry that they should begin living together. Both were students of different schools who rented apartments. Due to lack of commitment, Jerry refused the idea to live together for he knew that such relationship would demand a lot than he could offer. He suggested that they continue with their love as they took time to know one another deeply. By the end of four months, Pamela’s intimate feelings overwhelmed her and prompted Jerry about living together for she missed a lot about Jerry when they lived apart. Pamela expressed concern that she would quit the relationship should Jerry ignore her request because she was suffering. Due to immeasurable passion towards Pamela, Jerry feared that he would lose the former. The fear prompted him to accept Pamela’s desire and

War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

War on Drugs - Essay Example On the one hand, the "war on drugs" helps criminal justice system to control illegal drug trade and reduce a number of drug addicts. The creation of the threat estimate is a logical and orderly examination of all the factors which when combined give shape to the threat. The circularity of effects should be dear. As American communities changed, fear of the unfamiliar and unknown, and consequently that of crime, rose. As a result, when people encounter illegal acts they are more likely to call the police, out of fear, whereas in the past, when the situation did not contain the element of unfamiliarity, the issue would be handled informally. So increasing fear is a cause of acceleration in reported crime when the actual incidence of crime has remained stable. In contrast to this view, "many critics claim that current drug control strategy is not only unnecessarily punitive but also largely ineffective". The majority of survey respondents str not satisfied with the present situation, ch aracterizing information/intelligence exchange as being "hit or miss," with actual "intelligence business" being conducted by personal contact and investigator meetings-in short, on a case by case basis. They cited limited connectivity between existing and planned networks and limited integration of federal efforts with those of state and local. Some investigators query systems but are reluctant to provide information to input. Fears of 'claim jumping' lucrative cases have prompted previously cooperative agencies to act much more cautiously." Additionally, "guarding drug intelligence and concealing major. â€Å"The current "prosecute-or-extradite" system functions through national prosecutions aided by ad hoc international cooperation. It leaves the enforcement of narcotics laws to individual nation-states, as nations may choose to assert jurisdiction and prosecute drug traffickers within their national justice systems, to extradite them to a requesting state, or to avoid taking an y action" (Mcconville 2000, p. 75). In addition, "the war on drugs" becomes a real burden for criminal justice system and prisons. Crowding in penal institutions may produce the most volatile situation of all. Many prisoners do not have a chance to be put on parole, so the effects of crowding apply steady pressure on them. That pressure is exacerbated by the violence, racism, and sense of hopelessness found in prisons. Crowding affects prison life in two ways: control of the prison population is more difficult as individual disciplinary problems and major disturbances increase, and individual deterioration is fostered (Miller, 2004). Prisoners living in crowded facilities for sustained periods commit suicide, die, are murdered, create disturbances, become ill, and have interpersonal problems more often than inmates not living in crowded surroundings. Both the actual amount of living space available to each inmate and the total number of men or women incarcerated are related to the negative impacts of imprisonment. Larg e institutions produce more severe physical and psychological effects than smaller facilities (The War on Drugs

Persuasion Defined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasion Defined - Essay Example To that effect, my experience during the election campaign assisted me to come up with persuasion definition. There are various factors that come into play when one is persuaded. The first factor is the credibility of the information. The more credible the communicator is, the higher the chances of being persuaded. If credibility increases, attractiveness also increases making something to appear more desirable. The other factor that can result in one being persuaded is the one-sided argument (Cialdini, 2007). In the recent past, I have been hearing one sided arguments that resulted in me having higher levels of persuasion as compared to two sided arguments such as debate on abolition of the death penalty. (Brinol & Petty, 2009) note that persuasion offers an option that is more likely to be lasting, satisfying, successful, and rewarding to everyone. Therefore, the other factor is likeability. I tend to be easily persuaded by my friends, family members, lover, and other persons that I am attracted to than people I do not like. Next is authority. When a person who talks to me is an expert or above me in some other way, I am more likely to be persuaded because I think what he or she may be saying is credible and official. Cialdini (2007) asserts that another factor that influences persuasion is consensus. If there something resonates with the public’s opinion, I am more probable to be

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States Essay

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States - Essay Example Vast migration across the globe characterises the modern world. By 2000, 175 million people lived outside their place of birth: 158 million of these were urban migrants; 16 million were refugees and 900 000 were asylum seekers (Boyle, 2004). In 2005, the United Nations reported that there were more than 190 million international migrants, about 3% of the world’s population (UNHCR website, 2011). Since the current world population, 6 billion approximately, is too large to be compared to the population at any other time in history, unique problems exist. Countries no longer have complete control of their populations. Regional organizations, international non-governmental organizations or movements, multinational companies and even criminal organizations effectively are independent of state boundaries and often national laws (IR Theory Homepage, 2011). Religious, ethnic, cultural and even gender identities form international communities, not tied to single countries (Anderson, 20 04). Refugees, fleeing their countries of birth due to war, famine, and oppression arrive in the USA, and in other mainly Western countries, every day, hoping to be protected by the democratic systems of these countries. International law clearly determines the rights and protection that must be given to refugees, who are forced to leave their country of birth (Akehurst, 1976). USA Federal law honors the right of asylum of people wanting to migrate to the USA, in line with the many international treaties and agreements which have been signed by the USA, following the rules of international law. About one-tenth of annual immigrants to the USA per year are refugees. Since 1980, more than two million refugees have settled in the USA (Human Rights USA website, 2011). According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted as a Protocol by the United Nations in 1967, a refugee is a person outside his/her country of nationality, who fears persecution if he/she returns to their home state. This persecution must be due to one or more conditions called â€Å"protected grounds† by the United Nations Protocol. So, a refugee is someone who is likely to be persecuted in a home country due to race, nationality, religion, political opinion and membership of a social group, such as a religion. All countries that signed this agreement are required to give asylum to refugees, and the USA is a signatory of this agreement (The UNO, 1966). Within the USA, the Refugee Act of 1981 was passed by the USA Congress to expand the laws already agreed to in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Human Rights USA website, 2011). Currently, the handling of refugees in the USA is the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Department of Homeland Security. Once the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees has indicated that refugee status is necessary, as defined in the paragraph above, USA authorities will most likel y accept that status, and begin to process the individuals or groups as refugees. In the USA, the criteria include someone who is â€Å"unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution† in their home country (CIS website, 2011). According to the UNHCR (website, 2011) about 8.4 million people worldwide could be classified as refugees. These refugees tend to originate in West Africa, Central Asia, South West Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. Within USA law, refugees must satisfy the same

Air pollution in Beijing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Air pollution in Beijing - Essay Example As this has occurred, countless thousands of factories have been erected to support this growth and to keep up with the increased demand. In the end, this has resulted in an unstable equation when considering pollution and the environment. It is well documented that pollution is a problem, particularly for the very old and very young among us. Pollution can upset the state of the ecosystem, cause children to miss out of valuable outside playtime, prohibit adults from free exercising, and contribute to a host of long-term illnesses such as cancer and breathing problems. There are many factors contributing to the pollution in Beijing, many being attributed back to the massive growth in the urban sector and the burgeoning number of factories and automobiles operating within the city. Couple that with the growing deforestation to make way for more buildings and urban development, and it does not take long realize the seriousness of the pollution issue in Beijing, China. This paper will d iscuss the problem of pollution in Beijing, its effect on the general population, and the problem that it poses for the environment if recent trends are not reversed. The Problem of Pollution Pollution is causing numerous problems in Beijing City. The situation affects the ecosystem and the health and safety of every person residing with the city limits. Ma, Lu, and Sun (2008) sum up the severity of the problem by pointing out, â€Å"The landscape pattern change in Beijing led by rapid urbanization has negatively influenced urban ecosystem health and has caused several environmental problems† (326). It is important that these issues be discussed openly, solutions proposed and implement, and that everyone does their part to begin to reverse the recent trends of over polluted air. Beginning with the changing landscape best approaches the problem. The past half-century has seen Beijing gradually lose must of its land to over development. Not only has this building boom created a n overabundance of polluting agents in the air, but it has deteriorated the very ecosystem that is designed to give new life to the city and to help rid the air of those very particles that cause damage (Ma, Lu, & Sun 327). While it is true that 50% of the world now live in Cities (United Nations, 2005), China far surpasses even this fact. It is important to examine the factors that lead up to the current pollution problem in Beijing by examining the reasons why the cities within the country has expanded so. China has the largest population in the world. This population explosion in the past century has greatly contributed to the rapid urbanization of its cities, and urban areas have seen record percentages of population growth. Beijing is not only the capital of China, but it is the third largest city in the country and it continues to grow and develop at a frightening and frantic pace. It is estimated that the urban density within Beijing itself is now up to a staggering 84.3%, wh ich is the second highest in China and one of the highest in the world (Ma, Lu, & Sun 328). In just the last 20 years, this urbanization and population growth has drastically changed the entire landscape pattern of the city, causing pollution to become an even greater problem as the pollutants simply have no where to go. The Chinese are notoriously quiet about problems existent in their communities, but recently there has been a public uproar against the air

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) Essay Example for Free

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) Essay The poem â€Å"Disabled† by Winifred Owen uses many physical and mental contrasts/changes within the poem to help the reader understand the theme that lies beneath about how war is ironic, brutal and destructive. One of these changes is how the protagonist soldier goes from being a young sports hero to an old, disabled man in a wheelchair. Throughout the poem Winifred Owen uses quotes such as â€Å"smiling they wrote his lie aged nineteen† to imply that the soldier was under aged at his time of joining the army. Winifred also writes â€Å"After matches carried shoulder-high† which demonstrates the irony of how the soldier is â€Å"legless, sewn short at elbow† but talks about how he used to think so gloriously about his days when he used to be a sports hero and â€Å"liked a blood-smear down his leg† after his football matches. This helped me understand the theme that war is ironic and destructive by showing the dire contrast from a healthy boy to a crippled war veteran. The alliteration â€Å"half his lifetime lapsed in a hot race† is used to demonstrate again the irony and brutality of war by how half his life has passed by but it is described so quickly as a â€Å"hot race.† Alliteration was used to draw the readers’ attention to the line by exaggerating the first letter of nearly every word. This helped me understand the theme by demonstrating the consequences of war, how it feels like half his lifetime has gone by when wars really only last a few years. The important change of a young, fit man becoming a paraplegic is a perfect example of the destructive nature of war as it is such a major difference in a person’s life. This made me think about the wars going on all around the world and how good New Zealand men and women soldiers are being seriously injured.

Gender Differences Towards Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Gender Differences Towards Work Life Balance Social Work Essay 4.0 Introduction: The findings and analysis presents all the information that was gathered based on the methodology employed in the earlier chapter. The role of this chapter identifies findings which had revealed and explained employees understanding and perception towards work-life balance incorporated within MEGA through analyzing data. Gender Differences towards work-life balance: Balancing work and non-work commitments requires time management which could be a bit of a challenge. The diagram below illustrates such comparison between both genders. Findings on the average level of employees able to balance work and family life responsibilities on a weekly basis revealed that majority of the respondent indicated that they are seldom able to balance both. The results were given from both genders where the 35 percent of respondent that chose that they seldom are able to balance both were women as opposed to the remainder answered yes they are always able were men. The researcher findings had revealed that apparently women tend to be the ones that basically are seldom capable of achieving work-life balance on a weekly basis. Also the diagram shows that men are better able to have a better work-life balance whether it is often or always as compared to women. Furthermore in addition from the questionnaire another finding was analyzed where it was revealed that from both genders the mean is higher in women who have children compared to men. Figure illustrate that the women within MEGA has the higher number of children as against men who has twice as least. Also analyzing the data in figure () there are three times more women than men working in MEGA. The researcher analysis is drawn upon that the expectancy rate of women is higher to experience conflict trying to balance both work and family responsibilities as opposed to men within this particular organization is because there are more women working in MEGA as against to the number of men employ. Causes of Work-Life Balance Conflict The causes of work-life conflict were analyzed by the researcher to find out the reason behind it. The researcher findings werent a bit surprise by the results from employees. From the figure, the researcher found out that the major causes of conflict between balancing work and personal responsibilities was relating to these four factors within MEGA. The job-relating factor that influences work-life conflict the most was insufficient flexibility in the workplace. Eighty-nine percent (89%) of employees responded that they had difficulties balancing work and personal life responsibilities as a result of not having enough flexibility as compared to sixty-seven (67%) was other contributing factor. Timing of meetings/training was the least whereas working long hours was minimal. Participants were asked to indicate which of the following hinder you in balancing your work commitments in the workplace. Figure ( ) depicts the findings on the relevant categories that hinder employees work achievement. An examination of the chart point out that caring for children at been scored highest where 63 percent of respondent imply that this issue hinders them to achieve work commitments. Followed by a close responds to other and leisure time activities where 23 percent indicated other and 18 percent imply leisure time. The remainder answered further education. The participated managers and supervisors were then asked to describe the importance of work-life balance within the organization. Based on the answers given by managers and supervisors to describe the importance of work life balance, all participants agreed 100 percent that there is positive outcome for having balancing in the organization. They all relate work-life balance as means of assisting employees to reduce stress level which in turn would deliver substantial high productivity, job satisfaction and some level of commitment to the organization. The researcher analysis of the causes of work-life balance conflict is related mainly to insufficient flexibility in the workplace. The result suggests that employees dont have a problem working long hours or overtime. However perhaps if employees are/were given sufficient flexibility to manage both responsibilities tend them would be more likely to minimize work-life conflict. As Robertson (2007) stated in the literature review, organizations that offer flexibility in the workplace give employees the advantage to have good balance between both responsibilities whereas evolving to healthy employees and in return healthy employees are good for business succession. Conversely taking care of children has been pointed out to be the most significant hindrance factor for employees to achieve work commitments in MIC. As Hudson (2005) stated earlier that employees are more likely to be less productive, less committed and highly decisive of leaving the organisation once they are experiencing increased stress due to work/life conflicting issues and are perceived of having no control over balancing work and non-work demands. To be of the same opinion the author analysis is drawn upon where managers and supervisors all understand the importance of incorporating work-life balance in the workplace. All respondents had coincided with Hudson (2005) statement of employees level of positive outcome to organization. Policies On the questionnaire, employees were asked if they currently use any of the work-life policies provided by the organization. The author received 100 percent of all respondent answering that they all use work-life policies that are provided by the organization, however it is a question of how do they utilize such policies. Another question was implied asking if employees were given approval of such work-life policies provided by the organization. Question Yes No Are you given approval of work-life policies 83% 17% Out of one hundred 83 percent stated that they are given approval whereas the remaining 17% had imply that they are not given any approval. Managers and supervisors were asked what is the organization typical way or tools used for assisting or promoting work-life balance. From the interview, the author found that there are work-life policies implemented within MEGA, however there are only a few. Employees are given six (6) days which is applicable as casual leave to assist with personal errands only at managers discretion of granting approval. In addition flexible workings hours are administered where employees can start work from 7:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. where they are allow  ½ hour and finish work between 3:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m. in the interim employees must work 7 ½ hours per day. However employees are required to work back their hours by the end of the week in the event that they request time-off or does not work the required amount of hours per day. From the questionnaire, employees were further asked to what extend do the work-life policies make a difference with balancing work and personal issues. From the findings, it revealed from the figure ( ) that 22 percent reply stating that it made slight difference whereas 53 percent of respondents indicated that the work-life policies implemented within the organization makes no difference towards their daily responsibilities. An investigation into MEGA employees attendance records was examined from 2009 to 2010 to make a comparison for how many casual leave was taken and to indicate if there was any trend. Figure ( ) illustrate such findings for both years. The standard deviation of days taken by employees was 23.00 in 2009 and 23.87 in 2010. The figure also shows that majority of employees utilized the full amount of casual days which is six (6) for both 2009 and 2010 followed by the utilization of five (5) casual days. With correspondent to casual leave, from the interview managers were asked how the work-life policies and procedures implemented for employees are. Again from the interview the author findings had revealed mixed respondents from both managers and supervisors. Apparently employees are granted casual leave and flexible time based on each department and managers discretion. In addition to the findings during the interview participants were asked if there are any kinds of penalty or negativity towards employees who avail such policies. Again this question was answered in accordance to each department manager. Majority of the managers explain that employees are not hinder from career progression or promotional achievement however employees must work back the time that are required to work, to complete deadlines and shortage of employees. If employees are not subjective to such rules there would be a reduction in their salary. Supervisors viewed the same responds indicating agreement to the managers. However supervisors stated further that employees are kept back from promotional development in MEGA based on their attendance records not by such individual contributions and commitments to performance. Based on the findings relevant to the work-life balance policies incorporated with MEGA, the author analysis is interpreted as there are work-life policies implemented within the organization, however the methods used to assist employees is not substantially sufficient to fulfill with such balance of work and personal life responsibilities. Yes employees are given flexible working time however 1 hour difference is not considered as a lengthy time to promote it as a method for work-life balance. Also the flexible working hours does not make much difference to majority of the employees. Employees who have such powerful policies to assist them with solving work-life conflict are more likely to deal with balancing both issues easier. Galinsky and Stein (1990) found that employees who have the power to solve work problems were likely to suffer lower stress and felt their job caused less interference with their life. Furthermore even though employees are given approval of such work-life policies, the permission of approval of policies are practice differently in each department. In addition to deal with such work-life challenges majority of the employees result to the utilization of all or most of their casual leave. To a further extent, the findings draw that management resent employees of utilizing such policies. As already explained in the literature review utilization of work-life policies can be perceive a factor correlated to less job security and negative career progression (Rodbourne 1996). Managing Balance: Managers and supervisors were asked to describe the importance of work-life balance. The average respondent by managers and supervisors provided relatively the same answer where they understood that work-life balance is a way of being able to balance both the demands for work commitments and personal life responsibilities as a means of everyday position. Do you think if employees have good work-life balance the organization will be more effective and successful? Employees were asked that if employees have good work-life balance if the organization would be more effective and successful. Figure indicate the respondent from employees pertain to the question. Based on the respondent the majority of employees answered yes to that question. In fact findings revealed that 90% of employees strongly believed the organization would be more effective and successful if the employees have good work-life balance. Furthermore based on the question asked, employees were also asked to specify on the same question how the organization would be successful based on their answer whether the answer was yes or no. The majority of the respondent who answered yes had basically the same response. Majority of the respondent answered by implying that if employees have good work life balance employees tend to work more efficiently whereby the level of productivity would definitely increase because employees are less overwhelmed and would be able to concentrate better. The qualitative findings of employees getting good work-life balance in the workplace were questioned. What could the organization do to help employees balance both work and family life commitments? There were mixed views expressed towards organization assistance with work-life balance. Average respondents had expressed that the organization could be more considerate by acknowledging that as employees they experience challenges juggling both commitments by trying to accommodate important family appointments and demands for work deadlines. The stances by employees had pointed out also that the organization should offer more flexibility in terms of achievable flexible working hours. One respondent stated that organizations should be a bit flexible for the competing responsibilities of getting the kids ready for school, travelling to work, long hours of congested traffic, picking up the kids from school and getting home late at evenings Monday to Friday. While other respondent stated that management need to be more lenient towards employees utilizing such work-life policies that are implemented within the organization. Based on the available answers that was collected through the use of this questions employed, it inherently seems that the organization would benefit by become successful and more effectively from employing good work-life balance. Both managers and supervisors already have an understanding of what is work-life and the importance of incorporating. In fact from the literature review Tourn (2007) had imply that the organization can benefit from work-life balance where the returns would be gains of productivity, lower turnover rate and loyalty from employees. Also Thompson et al., (1999), had implied the same concept. If organizations cannot foster good work-life integration then employees experiencing both private and work stress will likely to suffer from low concentration and in the end lower productivity (Thompson et al., 1999). The greatest benefit for a good work-life balance to be effective and successful is in fact suggested that the organization promote such execution. So it is safe to imply that the evidence speaks for itself. Support for Work-Life Balance Further to the findings, during the interview participants were asked to describe the present work environment position with regards to employees contributions, level of productivity and commitments to the organization. Almost five out of six of the managers explained the present work environment as remotely satisfactory because there is teamwork amongst employees for getting the work done and most of the time deadlines are achieved. One manager explicitly describe the work environment as unbalance because frequently employees are reporting sick whereas work responsibilities have to delegated to a department that is seen as shortage of employees. Supervisors also viewed this question differently by implying that there is reasonable dissatisfaction in the workplace because employees are slightly frustrated and tends to completed only what is necessary on a daily basis. Furthermore supervisor described it as unbalance satisfaction because employees are reporting late or sick frequently causing overlapped of their responsibilities to other employees that are present. From the answers given the researcher draws analysis that the work environment as intrinsically unbalance. Employees are told to take on addition work responsibilities added to their regular job requirement because some employees are frequently reporting sick. Furthermore respondents were asked to indicate which of the following in figure ( ) assist them towards balancing work and family commitments. Based from the figure shown below, a frequency percentage of 44.7 percent disclose that the use of work-life leave available within MEGA was the one to help with the balance of both work and family commitments. Also on further assessment 32 percent of the respondents acquire support from family members followed by a close range of 31.2 percent of support from their supervisors. However statistical finding discover that the participated respondents had specified that the least amount of work-life balance support are from managers by a 16.5 percent. Also to add to work-life conflict, from figure ( ) it has been understood that employees employed within MEGA do not obtain full support from theirs managers. As the researcher recall from the literature review, employees who have family-supportive managers and work in organization that offers family-friendly initiatives tends to stay with the organization (Powell 2010). Participated managers and supervisors were asked during an interview done separately, how managers and the organization currently emphasize work-life balance in the workplace. Answers from both managers and supervisors were somewhat a mixed viewed from the interview. The managers explained that employees are given support where employees can approach the managers with stress relating to feeling overworked and personal issues for the managers are humans and have family lives also. However supervisors begged to differ from managers acknowledgment. Supervisors stated that managers are remotely negative towards employees especially when it comes to problems that are not actually work-related. From the findings it seems that managers had implied that they are supportive towards employees when in fact they arent. Employees and supervisors have both agreed that managers are inflexible towards their employees in the workplace. As Herlihy Maiden (2005) suggested that in order for employees to be effective at work, managers themselves need to be able to make unique contributions to the organisation that lies within the contexts of their own personal condition. So it is evident that managers themselves need to have an imbalance in work and personal life issues in order to contribute and be fully support ive of work-life integration. Overall Discussion From the whole findings that were questioned and examined by the author, the results underline some very importance relationship and differences between the work-life policies and implementation with respect to both employees and the organization. Management already have a clear understanding of what is work-life balance is and the high importance of promoting work-life in the workplace. Management somehow believe that the organization have work-life policies incorporated within the workplace that would assist employees but based on the research done about work-life balance, those methods used by MEGA are not sufficient and well foster to assist with balancing work and life issues. MIC entire organization workforce consists of majority of women employ compared to the men and majority of the women has more than 1 child. Friedman Greenhaus (2000) already noted that women make up half the workforce in organization and is increasing in higher levels. Amongst the gender difference most women in MIC are seldom able to balance both their work and family life on a regular basis. However despite the gap in the gender difference, employees generally are dissatisfied with working arrangement of work-life balance carried out in the organization. Almost the whole of management perceived the present work environment as balance where employees level of commitment and productivity are satisfactory, however the supervisors are not 100 percent in agreement with the level of contributions achieved by employees. The findings from the questionnaires answered by employees also incline grounded analysis that MIC present work environment is not as balance as management perception tow ards it, the author is in agreement with the employees and supervisors responds. Results suggest that the two main factors associated to work-life conflicts within MIC are insufficient flexibility and working overtime. In relation to this employees not have a problem with working overtime however flexibility needs adjusting to assist them to achieving balance with work and personal life demand. Thomas and Ganster (1995) found that proper scheduling which gave a group of employees more control over their time had in fact reduce conflict between work-life responsibilities. In addition employees major hinder for achieving work within MIC is taken up by the responsibilities of taking care of children, other personal responsibilities and leisure time. Given the findings of employees utilizing such policies management are negative towards employee for submitting to such action. In this regard, Hein (2005) had explain that employees tend to be hesitant to proceed to use them because of career concerns or the fact that they receive negativity from line managers and tends to discourage them from using it. The importance of supportive work environment mainly from MIC management is what employees are stipulating on. The result found that employees get a lot of support from family members and supervisors however employees are not fully supported by some of management where they receive negative attitude and resentment from management. The organization foster supportive measurement to accommodate employees yet for majority of employees some departmental culture is embodied in the attitudes and behaviours of their immediate line manager. Such support from managers mitigates the negative effects of work-life conflict occurrence. Employees who have family-supportive managers and work in organization that offers family-friendly initiatives tends to stay with the organization (Powell 2010). http://www.bia.ca/articles/AReportontheImportanceofWork-LifeBalance.htm http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/09/IE0909019I.htm http://www.healthatwork.org.uk/pdf.pl?file=haw/files/Work-lifeBalance.pdf

Interconversion of Petroleum Distillation Curves

Interconversion of Petroleum Distillation Curves The procedures recommended by API [1a] for the interconversion of ASTM D 86 and TBP (True Boiling Point) distillation curves are transposed into Mathcad computation platform. Two Mathcad versions are presented for each of direct, ASTM to TBP, and the backward, TBP to ASTM, curves conversions according to the API procedure. The first version, simpler, but with fewer possibilities of use, was presented in the first part [1a]. This second part comprises the relations of the API procedure written as functions in the Mathcad worksheet. The procedure functions can be placed in a separate area of the worksheet, area which may be then collapsed, locked and hidden. Alternatively, the functions can be stored in a specific Mathcad file, which can be afterwards inserted and employed in the main worksheet with Reference command. Other possibilities of Mathcad environment for interconnection of worksheets (files), such as utilization of Mathconnex or creation of Mathcad E-books, are briefly mentio ned, too. Utilization of Mathcad procedures is illustrated through several examples. The Mathcad worksheets comprising the API procedures are thus providing a convenient computer tool for fast prediction of one of ASTM and TBP distillation curve starting from the other one. Key words : ASTM D 86, TBP, distillation, interconversion, Mathcad, petroleum Introduction The goal of the present work is to offer a general, easy-to-use Mathcad versions of the API (American Petroleum Institute) procedures for the ASTM D 86 and TBP distillation curves interconversion. A simpler Mathcad version of the API procedures was given in the first part [1a]. However the simpler Mathcad version has limited possibilities of use, or even no utility in some applications, such as those of iterative tasks commonly solved with programming modules. Furthermore, numerical data assignements needed to be placed in the worksheet before the methods expressions (case of worksheet setting of Automatic calculation as default, that is turned on ; anyhow, if turned off, most of the present discussion becomes meaningless). In this second part we are going to provide Mathcad written procedures which are more concise and have extended range of application. The relations needed for distillation curves interconversion originating from reference [2] and adapted by the author for temperatures in degrees centigrade have been given explicitly in the first part [1a]. Since the API procedure for ASTM TBP distillation curves interconversion was described in Part 1 [1a], the reader is urged to refer to that part or to the original API reference [2] for a better comprehension and details on both the API method procedure and Mathcad version herein presented. Numerical checks against examples taken from literature [2] [3] [7] and made in order to verify our Mathcad versions of the API procedure, are also shown. Mathcad implementation of API procedures for ASTM TBP distillation curves interconversion. Using functions The main part of the Mathcad worksheet with the API method for estimation of TBP curve from ASTM distillation curve is reproduced in Fig. 1. Assignments of parameters values being identical with those already given in Fig. 1a of the first part [1a], the beginning area of the Mathcad worksheet containing these assignments is no more shown in the present Fig. 1. In the same area omitted from Fig. 1, there are also definitions of range variables  «ip » and  «id », which again are identical with those in Part 1, that is  «ip := 0,1..6 » and  «id:=0,1..5 », needed for indexing current points of the distillation curve (corresponding to 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100 % vol.) and differences (between temperatures), respectively. Thus, the distillation curve is assumed to be represented in the same format as in Part 1, i.e. 7 rows  ´ 2 columns matrix, where the first column elements are volume percentages (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100) of distillate and the second column elements are the corresponding six temperatures (oC) on the (ASTM or TBP) distillation curve. The task of the function  « dt_DC  » (where dt and DC in notation stand for difference of temperatures and distillation curve) as defined by relation (1) in Fig. 1 is to pick up all pairs of consecutive temperatures on the given ASTM curve, to compute the difference between the two temperatures, and to give the result as a 6 elements array, which elements are the temperature differences. One of the two arguments of the function  «dt_DC » in Fig. 1 needs to be the range variable id. Otherwise, a definition like (a) would issue an error message (Illegal context and expression (a) written in Mathcad turning into red) because, as expected, a range variable is not allowed as parameter within the function definition, or, being more specific, within the expression assigned to a function. Another definition but more lengthy, which can be used to obtain the same numerical result as  «dt_DC » function in relation (1) of Fig. 1, i.e. the six temperature differences, is the next one : (b) Fig. 1. Portion of the Mathcad worksheet with functions definitions to be used for API procedure for TBP curve prediction from the ASTM D86 distillation curve (continued with applications in Figures 2 and 3) Even if the numerical values produced with both definitions, (1) in Fig.1 or above (b), are same, it is worth of mention that the two outputs have different meanings in Mathcad. Thus, while the latter definition (b) produces a six-element vector, the first definition, which is used in relation (1) of Fig. 1, produces an array (which may be also called table) with also 6 values, but which has not the quality of a vector in Mathcad. Consequently, neither several operations typical for vectors, such as transposition (operator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾T as superscript) or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾vectorize (operator denoted by an arrow above an expression containing a vector) can be applied to the output of the twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœargument function  «dt_DC ». This behavior may be probably better understood if a function definition like that in relation (1) of Fig.1 for  «dt_DC » is regarded as six one-variable functions simultaneously defined. Difference between the outputs of t he two functions,  «dt_DC » and  «dt_DCb » is similar to that between a true vector and a range variable such as  «ip » or  «id » which is used for indexing. When desired, a workaround able to lead to a vector output is thus provided by the above definition of  «dt_DCb » in (b). Moreover, this definition can be rewritten in a more concise form within a Mathcad worksheet using programming modules (see Part 3 [1b]). In step 2 (Fig. 1), temperature for 50%vol. on TBP curve is estimated with the function denoted  «t_50%TBP », from temperature for 50% vol. of ASTM, as in API procedure described in Part 1 [1a]. According correlations of the same procedure (that is relations (3) given in Part 1), differences between temperatures on TBP curve are then calculated in step 3 based on Fig. 2. Part of the worksheet containing an example using the Mathcad version of API procedure for ASTM-to-TBP distillation curves conversion (Mathcad version of the procedure given in Fig. 1 ; ASTM data and experimental TBP from [2]) temperature differences of ASTM curve. This is done employing again a function with two arguments, of which the first is the range variable  «id » (function named  «dt_TBP »). Finally, TBP temperatures are determined in the 4th and last step with function  «t_DC » by subtracting or adding to priorly determined  «t50%TBP » the appropriate temperature gaps found in step 3 (Fig. 1). An example using the Mathcad version of the API procedure described above is given in the portion of the Mathcad worksheet shown in Fig. 2. As previously explained, since the output of the function  «dt_DC » in step 1 or of the function  «dt_TBP » in step 3 (Fig. 2) is an array (table) and not a vector, presence of the index  «id » at vector-variables  «ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ tASTM1 » or  «ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ tTBP1 », respectively, is imperative for a correct assignment of values computed by functions ( «dt_DC » or  «dt_TBP ») to the elements of mentioned vectors. Otherwise, the aforementioned error message (Illegal context) would be issued and corresponding expressions turned into red. Fig. 3. Part of the worksheet with another example using the Mathcad version of API procedure for ASTM-to-TBP distillation curves conversion (Mathcad version of the API procedure given in Fig. 1 ; ASTM data and corresponding TBP estimated by Edmisterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœOkamoto procedure taken from [3]) Even if it can be readily noticed from both Fig. 1 and example in Fig. 2, we emphasize that in the present Mathcad version of API procedure (Fig. 1) it is possible to write the expressions of the procedure as a standalone suite, independent on the 7  ´ 2 matrix with distillation curve data, due to use of functions. On the contrary, for the simpler Mathcad version given in Part 1 [1a], it was necessary to provide the distillation curve matrix in the Mathcad worksheet before the relations of the API procedure. Thus, presentation of simpler Mathcad procedure in [1a] was actually possible only using a numerical example. However, it can be mentioned that even in the case of simpler version in Part 1 a workaround for the infringement of normal order, that is with data in the begining of the worksheet, may be provided by the use of a global definition (available in Mathcad). ASTM distillation data for example in Fig. 2 was taken from API Technical Data Book [2]. The TBP curve determined in Fig. 2 is identical with that computed in [2] from the same ASTM distillation data and with same API procedure. For comparaison, experimental TBP (vector  «TBPexp ») retrieved from the mentioned reference [2] is also given in Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Area of worksheet with the Mathcad version of the reversed API procedure, for conversion of the TBP curve into ASTM distillation curve The use of the same Mathcad version of the API procedure is illustrated with another example in the part of the worksheet reproduced in Fig. 3. ASTM data (7  ´ 2 matrix  «ASTM2 ») in Fig. 3 and corresponding TBP values (matrix  «TBP2_EO ») estimated with Edmister and Okamoto method [4] are quoted from reference [3]. The suite of definitions shown in Fig. 1 as well as the two examples (Fig. 2 and 3) have been actually written in the same Mathcad worksheet. The Mathcad version of the reversed API procedure, for TBP curve conversion to ASTM distillation curve, is illustrated in Fig. 4. In step 1 the temperature differences between two consecutive temperatures amongst those of selected points on TBP curve can be computed with the same function  «dt_DC » given in Fig. 1. Since the Mathcad versions of both direct and reversed API procedures have been written in same worksheet, there was no more need for another function definition for step 1 in Fig. 4. Coefficients in the expression of the function  «t_50%ASTM » in relation (6) (Fig. 4), needed for the prediction of the 50% temperature on ASTM curve based on 50% temperature on TBP curve, are taken from Part 1 [1a] and they are coming from the same API procedure [2]. As shown in Fig. 4, the temperature for 50% on ASTM curve can also be determined with the function  «tr_50%ASTM », which is the inverse of function  «t_50%PRF » defined previously in the worksheet (with relation (2) in Fig. 1). The inverse function,  «tr_50%ASTM », is defined using the Mathcad built-in function  «root ». First argument of  «root » is the expression of whose root is wanted, the second argument indicates the variable with respect to which the equation defined by the expression has to be solved, and the 3rd and 4th arguments specify the interval where the desired root is lying. Fig. 5. Portion of Mathcad worksheet with example of TBP curve conversion into ASTM D86 distillation curve (API procedure [2]) Presence of last two arguments is optional: when these are included, Ridder or Brent algorithm is used internally by  «root » to determine the solution; otherwise Mueller-secant algorithm is employed. The accuracy of the computed root is determined by parameter TOL (tolerance) whose value can be set (for the entire worksheet) from Mathcad menu. For details on the Mathcad root function or on the mentioned algorithms, references [5-6, 9] may be consulted. Notations used in relation (6r) of Fig. 4 show that equation t_50%TBP(à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt=0 is (numerically) solved with respect to variable à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ (that is unknown à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡) and the desired root (ASTM temperature for 50% vol.) is within interval (0, 1000) ( oC ) for all possible values of parameter  «t » (temperature for 50% vol. on TBP curve). Differences between temperatures on ASTM curve are computed in step 3 based on temperature differences on TBP curve determined in step 1. Being previously defined in the worksheet (Fig. 1), coefficients  «AAPIC » and  «BAPI » in relations (7) are known. Finally, in step 4 temperatures on the ASTM curve are calculated using the same function  «t_DC » already defined in a proceeding zone (Fig. 1) of the worksheet. We recall that for features of Mathcad employed herein or other capabilities reader can find valuable and detailed information with good examples in Mathcad help [5a] and particularly in the Resource Center [5b] accompanying Mathcad platform. The use of the Mathcad version for the reversed API procedure, that is for TBP curve to ASTM curve conversion, is illustrated with the example in the part of Mathcad worksheet reproduced by Fig. 5. Other possibilities of utilization of Mathcad written procedures Two of these possibilities are illustrated below, one using an inserted area and the other the Reference command provided by the Mathcad environment. An area can be readily inserted in a worksheet, using the commands from Insert menu. In our case (Fig. 6), after inserting a new area (a blank area initially) in the worksheet, we have merely copied ( Copy/Paste ) the area given in Fig. 1 and pasted it in the inserted blank area. The area thus inserted contains also the assignments of values to parameters Aid and Bid needed in the procedure (parameters which values are given in Tab. 1 of [1a] and are named  «AAPIC »  «BAPI » in Figures 1a,b and 2 in the same reference [1a] and which are no more shown in Fig.1 of the present part). Obviously, in such a case one has to provide a sufficient size of the inserted area. Its enlargement can be made by selecting one (usually the lower) of the crosshairs corresponding to the boundaries of inserted area and dragging it, or by clicking inside area and typing Enter one or several times, as needed to accommodate the whole pasted part. The inserted area may be then easi ly collapsed (Fig. 6), as indicated by instructions in the dialog box which appears with a mouse right-button click. After collapsing, the inserted region can be locked and protected by a password and then provided with a time stamp. Always after collapsing, presence of the inserted region may be even made invisible (hidden) [5b]. All content of Fig. 6 was actually written in a new Mathcad file (worksheet), different from those illustrated in previous figures. Fig. 6. Mathcad worksheet with inserted area collapsed and an example of ASTM curve conversion into TBP curve Fig. 7. Mathcad worksheet with Reference to the Mathcad file (named here ASTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœTBP interconvAPI simple functions.mcd) containing the API procedure for the two distillation curves interconversion The Reference command (Fig. 7) allows all variables or functions definitions from another worksheet (referenced worksheet or referenced Mathcad file) to be made available in the current (parent) worksheet. Thus the current worksheet will behave as if one should have inserted into it the actual regions from the referenced worksheet. The Reference containing line is merely introduced by a first mouse click in the main (parent) worksheet in the place where the referenced file is desired, then making the insert from the Reference command accessible in menu (Insert Reference), followed by pointing to referenced file location (as asked by dialog box). An icon (right headed arrow inside a square) will mark the place from which the referenced worksheet will take effect within the parent worksheet. (R) after the file name (ASTM-TBP interconvAPI simple functions.mcd in occurrence, Fig. 7) means that the relative path was chosen in the present case in order to locate the referenced file. Even if the referenced Mathcad file itself cannot be seen in the current (parent) worksheet, it may be opened with a double click on its Reference icon and then accessed and even modified. Like for any other computational environment or programming language, it is strongly advisable to use systematic and mnemonic notations for various variables, functions,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, both in main and inserted worksheet (collapsed or not, or with Reference), in order to avoid errors. As already mentioned in [1a], errors in computed results may appear in case of notations overlap, even without any error message highlighted by Mathcad (without any expression turned into red). In the case of long worksheets, more complicated structures of linked (concatenated) worksheets can be thus envisaged. For example a worksheet with an inserted area can be referenced from another worksheet. Again, in order to reduce the possibility of errors and for an acceptable readability, it is however advisable to limit to only a few the worksheets thus interconnected. If this is not possible, there are alternatives offered by Mathcad platform, such as use of Mathconnex environment or creation of a Mathcad electronic book. Both alternatives are easy to use and well documented in Mathcad help, for example the latter in the Authors reference item within Help menu. Moreover, recent versions of Mathcad, i.e. starting with 2001i, offer the possibility to save worksheets under XML or HTML format. Conclusion In the Mathcad version of API procedure for ASTM-TBP distillation curves interconversion presented in this part, use of functions allows to write the expressions of the procedure as a standalone suite, independent on the 7  ´ 2 matrix comprising distillation data. Utilization of some Mathcad features, such as functions with two arguments one of which being a range variable, vector-valued functions, definition of an inverse of a function using built-in root function, or area insertion in a Mathcad worksheet, are illustrated through examples. Interconnection of Mathcad worksheets (files) through the ,Reference command is also exemplified. Such features of Mathcad platform can provide added readability and broader generality to worksheets. Other capabilities of Mathcad, like utilization of Mathconnex or creation of Mathcad E-books are briefly envisaged. The Mathcad worksheets comprising the API procedures are thus providing a convenient tool for fast prediction of an ASTM or TBP distillation curve starting from the other one.

Corruption in the Church and Society Reflected in The Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays

Corruption in the Church and Society Reflected in The Canterbury Tales  Ã‚  Ã‚   In discussing Chaucer's collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales, an interesting picture or illustration of the Medieval Christian Church is presented. However, while people demanded more voice in the affairs of government, the church became corrupt -- this corruption also led to a more crooked society. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as just church history; This is because the church can never be studied in isolation, simply because it has always related to the social, economic and political context of the day. In history then, there is a two way process where the church has an influence on the rest of society and of course, society influences the church. This is naturally because it is the people from a society who make up the church....and those same people became the personalities that created these tales of a pilgrimmage to Canterbury.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England was to take place in a relatively short period of time, but this was not because of the success of the Augustinian effort. Indeed, the early years of this mission had an ambivalence which shows in the number of people who hedged their bets by practicing both Christian and Pagan rites at the same time, and in the number of people who promptly apostatized when a Christian king died. There is certainly no evidence for a large-scale conversion of the common people to Christianity at this time. Augustine was not the most diplomatic of men, and managed to antagonize many people of power and influence in Britain, not least among them the native British churchmen, who had never been particularly eager to save the souls of the Anglo-Saxons who had brought such bitter times to their people. In their isolation, the British Church had maintained older ways of celebrated the major festivals of Christianity, and Augustine's effort to compel them to conform to modern Roman usage only angered them. When Augustine died (some time between 604 and 609 AD), then, Christianity had only a precarious hold on Anglo-Saxon England, a hold which was limited largely to a few in the aristocracy. Christianity was to become firmly established only as a result of Irish efforts, who from centers in Scotland and Northumbria made the common people Christian, and established on a firm basis the English Church. At all levels of society, belief in a god or gods was not a matter of choice, it was a matter of fact.

Mother-Daughter Communication in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay

Mother-Daughter Communication in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the many stories involving the many characters of "The Joy Luck Club", I believe the central theme connecting them all is the inability of the mothers and their daughters to communicate effectively.      The mothers all have stories of past struggles and hard times yet do not believe their daughters truly appreciate this fact.   The mothers of the story all want their daughters to never have to go through the struggles they themselves had to go through, yet they are disappointed when their daughters grow up and do not exhibit the respect or strength of their mothers.   This is the ironic paradox of the story.      The Chinese mothers came to the United States to escape the difficult life they led in China and to start fresh in the United States.   They did not want their children to grow up as they had.   The short story in the beginning of the book describes this feeling.   "Then the woman and the swan sailed across an ocean many thousands of li wide, stretching their necks toward America.   On her journey she cooed to the swan:   "In America I will have a daughter just like me.   But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband's belch.   Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English.   And over there she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow!   She will know my meaning, because I will give her this swan - a creature that became more than what was hoped for."   Even though this is just a short story before the long one begins and is not actually attributed to any specific cha racter in the story, I believe it accurately describes all the mothers' feelings a... ...tionships in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife." Women of Color: Mother Daughter Relationships in 20th Century Literature. Ed. Elizabeth Brown-Guillory. Austin: U of Texas P, 1996. 207-27. Ghymn, Ester Mikyung. Images of Asian American Women by Asian American Women Writers. Vol. 1. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies (Fall 1993): 597-616. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood P, 1998. Ling, Amy. Between Worlds: Women Writers of Chinese Ancestry. New York: Pergamon, 1990. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature: From Necessity to Extravagance. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1993

Foreign Aid :: essays research papers

Foreign Aid The United States of America is a wealthy nation. We are also a nation that reaches out to the poverty-stricken world, lending financial aid in ridiculous amounts to these shambled countries. The burning question of the moment is: how effect is our foreign aid, and what can we do to improve its efficiency? The answer is quite a difficult one, if it even exists at all. Foreign aid has been lent to these broken countries for over half of a century. Billions of dollars has been poured into this defunct outlet, with nothing really to show for it. The thing one must understand about foreign aid and where and how it is spent is that all of these subsidies are given directly to the government. The thing is, this government might not have the purest intentions. More than once, the recipients of this aid have been accused of wasting foreign aid on palaces and their decadent lifestyle, in general. We know foreign aid doesn’t work the way it should, yet we make no strides towards improving it at the expense of our own taxpayers. Another reason why foreign aid is ineffective is that it leads the inhabitants of the poor, ran-down country to believe that they simply cannot do it on their own. They have to rely on our money to get anything going, which is a dangerous game. We’re not letting these countries stand on their own feet, and that isn’t good for them, and it damn sure isn’t good for us. What if one of these countries that we’re pouring money into becomes powerful and acquires nuclear weaponry? If we cut funding, they might become belligerent towards the United States, and then what? We give them more money, like some kind of hostage with a knife to our throat? As Bauer wrote in his book, The Development Frontier in 1991: â€Å"Economic achievement depends on personal, cultural, social, and political factors†¦ and the policies of rulers. It diminishes the people of the Third World to suggest that unlike the people of the West, they cannot achieve it without subsidies.â⠂¬  Imagine pouring millions upon millions of dollars into an interventionist state with counterproductive economic policies such as high taxes, spending and borrowing, excessive regulation, protectionism, inflation, price controls, land collectivization, and outright corruption. They’re going to be able to avoid a civil rebellion through quelling the hunger of the masses with our

Napster Case Study

Napster & MP3: Redefining The Music Industry Introduction Napster was the first, very innovative music technology application that allowed users to download MP3 from the internet and other peers for free, or at a cost. Napster strongly adapted the word sharing and put it their own terms to avoid any copyright infringement but it ended badly on their part. This disruptive technology was leading the market and had over 60 million users by 2001. Although very similar technologies were soon after developed, Napster was still on top and lead the market.Many users knew exactly what they wanted but getting it seemed to be the difficult part once Napster and the RIAA went into a legal battle. More commonly, the industry has been shaped from Napster and the base product that has been derived. Napster may have been a failure to the industry but it shaped the industry for the future from 2001 until present and for years to come. 1. What is Napster’s business model? Being as though Napste r was the first to market with their music search engine for MP3 files, they successfully managed to set up an online community where users could download these files.Napster had its market segments and was targeting the college and high school demographic, as described in the case study. The main objective was to give users the opportunity to listen to the songs before they wanted to go ahead and purchase them. During the dot. com boom, when Napster was created, it seemed as though the developers only wanted to create the program to attract a client base to increase the value of the company mainly to sell it off to a larger, more valuable company. Once the main database of Napster was created, they started off by seemingly trying to create a membership based business model.They had a free membership to start as a trial run, basic membership for relatively inexpensive that would cost between $2. 95 and $4. 95 per month. This basic membership would have a limit on file transfers. The y also had a premium membership that would cost between $5. 95 and $9. 95 with an unlimited amount of file transfers. Most of these file transfers came from peer-to-peer which was part of the interesting aspect of Napster. Users could upload files from their computer to their Napster desktop and another user could download straight from their computer.Certain users had a better rating than others and so forth. It seems as though their business model was working until the music industry became aware of what was really going on. 2. How have Napster and MP3 changed the music industry? Napster and MP3 were the start to the online music industry databases during the dot. com boom. This was the beginning of the greatest innovations yet to come. Not only did this lead to what we now use as iTunes but it went through multiple transformations with different music download programs and revamped the way artists were selling their music.CDs were most common before Napster and now, the percentag e of CDs compared to online purchases are completely reversed. Many people don’t even own CD players unless they are on their computers and iPod or iPhones are the new use of music play. Without Napster, none of this would even be possible because the whole concept of having the MP3 on a database where you can see each song and download right from the Internet. Now, you have to purchase each song or album and the artists get credit for their work.Back when Napster was the source with MP3, there were possible ways around the memberships and for a very light fee, you could get music for almost nothing where the artists were not getting the compensation that they deserved and worked for. The music industry is completed revamped since Napster and thanks to Napster and MP3, we now have the convenience to purchase a song or album right at the touch of our fingertips or click of a button as opposed to going to a store and buying a CD. 3. Who are the winners and the losers in the ind ustry transformation?Explain why in detail. Within the industry transformation, there are many different aspects to be considered when discussing the winners and the losers. In terms of the artists and musicians, I believe that although they started out as losers, in the end, they ended up winning because for already discovered, well-known singers, they are getting the royalties they are owed and for new, up and coming artists, they are getting their name out there in a much less expensive way than before and still making some sort of money to support their dream.The agents and label companies will become winners as well through the transformations. The larger companies will most likely lose some strength and then gain back once they begin to find new artists and those artists begin to take off. The risk/reward of the digital market here will yield much more reward and their financial strength from the start will help them be a winner here. I feel the biggest loser in throughout the entire industry transformation is the packaging and CD production industry. Because CDs are no longer at an all time high, they will no longer be needed.There is very little need for this and it has almost become a niche market, barely used for music anymore, unless someone is burning their own music onto a CD. Albums being created and sold solely onto a CD has decreased substantially and within the next few years could become something in the past. This is the biggest loser by far through the music industry transformation. Although customers might think they are losing because now they have to pay for songs, they are winners because the quality of the music is better as well as the people creating.The level of effort matters to the customers when creating their next masterpiece of an album and if they weren’t getting the compensation they feel they deserve, it would be hard to justify a very complete, well written album. Customers are winners during the industry transformat ion. As for the biggest winner, I believe digital retail has won in this category. Apple and Microsoft have both done an amazing job with allowing iTunes to properly run on both of their software where it is so extremely easy to access any song, album, artists, video, TV show, movie, you name that a person could possible think of.To have a song on there takes a very small amount of work for Apple and it is one of the most genius programs to every be invented by one of the most powerful companies we will ever come across. At this time, if you were to watch a TV reality singing show, for example, X-factor, and you see a live performance you really enjoy, you can literally go on iTunes the very next day and purchase that specific person singing that very song. The digital retail market is only growing and technology has done something so amazing by growing the concept of Napster into something that can yield such amazing results.This is by far the biggest winner of the music industry t ransformation. 4. From the perspective of the stakeholder who stands to lose, is there anything you can do to change this? From the perspective of the stakeholders in Napster, it seems that they would all end up losing and there really is not much to be done to change this. Even though the concept of Napster really did drive the entire music and social media industry to a new place, it was a highly illegal application where many people lost a ton of money.Because of the money put into this application, stakeholders will end up being the losers when they lose their investment when they expected a return. 5. How will the industry change over the next 5-year period? As difficult as it is to say how the industry will change within the next 5 year period, I believe there will be many more drastic changes between now and then. Technology is rapidly growing and altering while new products are being brought into the market.I believe that iTunes will be around for some time but as they conti nue to update and make it better, faster and stronger, it will only take up more of the market share. As of right now, they have a tool called â€Å"genius† where it searches through the music you already have and suggests new music for you to buy. This tool is extremely helpful and can create thousands of new playlists and songs for a person to listen to. New artists, groups, reality TV shows, YouTube sensations and small town discoveries are being made every single day.The next pop star could be in the local coffee shop one day and on your TV screen the next. The industry is so quickly growing that it is almost impossible to keep up with technology and talent wise. 6. As viewed from the perspective of the record companies, retailers, artists, and Napster, what strategy would you pursue, and how? If I were viewing this situation from the perspective of the record companies, retailers, artists and Napster, I would pursue the strategy of Phase 2.In this day and age, many peopl e try and keep up with the technology that they are given. Napster was first to market with their idea and what they were given but many people were not happy. In Phase 2, it gives Napster the option to still let people play the music that they had already had on their original Napster, but from there forth, purchase the rest of the music and pay where the price is due. Napster was a disruptive technology that absolutely lacked refinement and had some major performance problems whether those were the slow search or the filters.However, this application was proven to be somewhat practical once it was perfected through the years. Apple used Napster’s disruptive technology and built their sustaining technology from the concept and played out the revenue aspect of Phase 2. That being said, I would stick with Phase 2 and continue to grow the industry based of of each song and price because even though many customers would initially complain, this would eventually turn into the nor m, like it has, and will drive the music industry to become a much more organized and beneficial industry.

Medical Ethics Abortion Essay

Most moral issues in music and healthc atomic number 18 will instigate bracing debate, fitting now no subject a searchs to incite tempers more than than the hesitation of terminateion. The gulf amid pro- behavior and pro-choice toilette be an uncompromising stance of deeply held beliefs and principles. On the angiotensin converting enzyme fix up across, on that charge is the assert that the fetus is a hu public cosmos with the resembling remunerate to life as every former(a) human macrocosm, and abortion is thusly nonhing slight than take away. On the some other hand, it is argued that a charcleaning lady has a remunerate to choose what happens within her bear dust, and is thus justified in deciding to drive her fetus removed if she so wishes. tranquillise a liberal view is gnarly these tend to take the view that it is allowable for an abortion to take place out fronthand a certain stage in the fet substance abuses breeding, that non beyond that pre recall geological period. Such an arbitrary stance does see difficult to quantify how whoremonger whatsoever whizz root the criteria that would navigate a decision that finds vector sum acceptable today just now if chastely reprehensible tomorrow?It is sometimes argued that the fetus reaches psychehood well before birth. By the 10th week, for sheath, it already has a face, arms and legs, fingers and toes it has upcountry organs, and brain actionance is detectable.1 merely does this return keycheck a cleaning cleaning fair sexs refine to self de bourn provide it still be bonnie for her to choose abortion, stipulation its level of development? We shall explore this perplexity not from the perspective of whether the foetus is human, all when from the premise that the muliebrityhoods mightys oer her body are more consequential than the life of the mortal or disunite person in her womb.2A fair sexs Right to Self- disaffirmationJudith Ja rvis Thomson presents the adjacent hypothesis3 a charr becomes enceinte and accordinglyce learns that she has a cardiac condition that will cause her death if the driveliness continues. Let us grant the foetus personhood, with a rectify to life. Obviously the nonplus withal has a full to life, so how stick out we decide whos regenerate to life is greater? A representation of answering this question could be to severalize that an abortion is an be active of aggression with the mend intention to land. Whereas to do no social occasion would not be an attempt by any wholeness to murder the go, rather to just let her die.The passivity of the latter could be seen as virtuously preferable than directly killing an straightforward person. Thomson argues that It laughingstocknot seriously be verbalize thatshe essential sit passively by and wait for her death.4 There are twain hatful involved, both are innocent, but one is endangering the life of the other. Thomson sup poses that in this scenario a cleaning ladyhoodhood is authorize to defend herself against the threat represent by the unhatched shaver, compensate if ultimately this will cause its death.I incur Thomson is correct in her appraisal. If an impartial impression was sought by an individual as to whose life has greater worth the foetus or the woman, they might not life able to chooseboth lives could be seen to shake off equal apprize. merely in that respect is nothing verifiable about the womans situationher life is endangered. If a person threatens my life raze if they are not conscious of their action at lawsI ware a safe-hand(a) to kill them, if that is the notwithstanding course of action I hatful take to repel the attack.The scenario becomes slight complete when we con aspectr if a woman strikes the alike right to defend herself if the continuation of her motherhood causes her serious health problems that are not terminal. Again, I would assess the situati on in terms of an attack. Do I draw a right to kill an aggressor if he attempts to wound me? The answer, I pretend, is underage upon questionthe injury that would be inflicted. It seems reasonable that the degree of retaliation should be proportional to the severity of the attack. Similarly, a woman has the right to terminate her maternal quality if its continuation instigates a degree of illness that is severe adequate to warrant that decision.The problem then is quantifying such comparatives. It might seem reasonable to liquidate the woman involved as the person best qualified to wreak that decision, but shouldnt such judgments emanate from an objective source? After all, should I be able to take the law into my profess hand and choose whatever reprisal I judgement necessary against my attacker?A Womans Right to featureershipA woman holds ownership of her own body at that placefore she whitethorn abort her foetus if that is what she chooses it is in a precise real sense her ownto cast of as she wishes.5 prof Thomson analogises it is not that the woman and foetus are like two tenants occupying a small house that has been erroneously rented to both of themthe mother owns the house.6 But not all claims of ownership hold an reflexive right to dispose of their property. sewer Harris gives an example7 estimate I own a life-saving drug, and waste nothing planned for its use other than placing it on my shelf. If I meet a person who was dependent on that drug otherwise they will die, I would not be morally entitled to refuse the drugit would be wrong of me to lick that right.What Harris is expressing is that a woman may oblige the right to do what she wishes to her own body, but it would be wrong of her to exercise that right. The question then is does the value of ownership of your body take precedence over the value of the foetus? Property is sometimes commandeered during war, and this action is usually justified because national w arrantor is thought to take antecedency over an individuals right to ownership.8 other compelling, and I think decisive, argument comes from bloody shame Anne Warren. She states that ownership does not give me a right to kill an innocent person on my property, furthermore, it is also immoral to ostracise a person from my property if by doing so they will undoubtedly perish.9If one does not accept that a foetus is a human being, then the woman may establish it removed from her body, similarly to having a kidney stone taken out. But if the foetus is mootd to be a person, then I do not think any argument of ownership can hold up against the soundness of the abandoned examples.A Foetuses Right to its Mothers Body raise a womans right to choose abortion take precession over the foetuses right to life? Professor Thomson argues that a right to life does not guaranteehaving either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed act use of another persons bodyeven if one ta ke it for life.10 Thomson goes on to give an example11, that if she was terminally ill, and the only thing that would save her life was the maculation of henry Fondas cool hand on her fevered brow, she would have no right to expect him to travel to her side and assist her in this way. zero(prenominal)doubt, Thomson adds that it would be frightfully nice of him, but she holds no right against him that he should do so.An writ large criticism is to argue that a woman has a special function to her foetus, hardly because she is its mothera responsibility that Henry Fonda does not owe, so the analogy, is rendered useless. But Thomson postulates that we do not have any such special responsibility for a person unless we have assumed it, explicitly or implicitly.12 Thomson hence argues that if a pregnancy is unwanted, and the woman holds no emotional bond to the foetus, there is no attachment and so no responsibility. A contingent dispute to Thomsons idea is to suggest that the speci al responsibility is bonded through genes rather then emotion. If a child is born and the mother abandons it, her culpability is held through their mother and baby family relationship rather then what the mother thinks of her baby.another(prenominal) argument that can give claim by the foetus to its mothers body is one of contract.13 It could be said that by voluntarily engaging in sexual intercourse a womaneven if using contraceptionrisks the meet of pregnancy. By understanding the possible consequences of her actions, she mustiness be seen as trustworthy for the founding of the foetus, because no method of contraception is cognise to be infallible. Since the woman is depictable for bringing the foetus into the world (albeit in her womb) she assumes an indebtedness to continue to provide nourishment for its survival.Michael Tooley offers an example that he believes analogises this argument14 there is a sweet act that I practice. But by engaging in it, it can have the unfo rtunate risk of destroying someones sustenance supply. This will not cause the person any problem, as huge as I continue to make such provisions, even though it causes me big trouble and expense. Tooley evidences that he arranges things so that the fortune of the pleasurable act having such an operation is as small as possible (contraception). But he says that if things do go wrong, he is still responsible for the person needing food, and therefore obligated to supplying the food needed. Tooley believes that once we engage in an activity that can potentially create a child, then we assume responsibility for its needs, even if bringing that child into existence was inadvertent and precautions were taken to prevent that outcome.Professor Thomson offers her own powerful analogy in strain to the above viewIf the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a windowpane to air it, and a footpad climbs in, it would be absurd to say, Ah, now he can stay, shes given him a right to the use of her housefor she is partially responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars burgle. It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, merely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a blemish in the bars.15miscarriage, Due to RapeAs already stated, most views against abortion ancestor their position from the value they place on the foetuses life. Even so, in the matter where pregnancy had occurred through rape, most opponents of abortion would believe that there would be sufficient excuse for decease. Obviously, there is something paradoxical about thisif the foetus is valuable because it is human, it is obviously no less human because its mother had been raped. So how can some opponents of abortion hold such contradictory ideas?Janet Radcliffe Richards explains that when a woman is la boured to continue pregnancy until childbirth, the child is being used as an instrument of penalisation to the mother, and that talk of the sanctity of life is being used to disguise the fact.16 The only thing that a woman that wants to abort for reasons of inadvertent pregnancy has done differently, is to of engaged willingly to sexand that is what she is being punished for.17Richards offers an elicit approach to the apparent inconsistency stated, although I dont find its conceit altogether convincing. I think the double-standards described, limn an individual that holds only a congenator opinion to the value of life that is held by the foetus. That is, the foetus is human, with rights, but not as human and not as real much rights as an adult human being. And this is how I feel critics of abortion consider antecedency to women in rape cases.A experiences RightTo what degree, if any, does the fathers opinion count on whether his unborn child should die at the hands of the mother? After all, the foetus is very much a part of him sharing his genetic make-up. It is noted by John Harris18 that a man is not entitled to violate a woman for the determination of impregnating herthat is rapeso then it follows that he must not violate her by forcing his wishes for a pregnancy to continue until birth. The counter argument is that by agreeing to sex, a woman has tacitly agreed to channelize the mans child.Ultimately the womans opinion must take priority over the mansbecause she has to carry the foetus, but, once a foetus is formed, one can have a degree of sympathy for the mans situation. If copulation had taken place for the conclude of impregnation, then why should the man suffer a feeling of loss just because his associate changes her mind? Where contraception is used, his argument may be weakenedthey did not intend parenthood. But if both were planning for a baby, is it fare that once that child exists, the mother can take it away from its father, even though he has done no wrong?A Right to oddmentIf a pregnancy is terminated during its proterozoic stages, the foetus will undoubtedly die. But if an abortion takes place later in pregnancy, and by some miracle survives, the mother has no right to secure the death of the unborn child.19 If the baby was still unwanted, the woman may be utterly devastated by the thought of a child, a bit of herself, put out for adoption and never seen or heard of again20 but she can only demand her separation from it she may not order its execution.I guess there would be few opponents to this arrogance but it is interesting to understand why. If a person accepts the permissibility of abortion, how is it so different to kill a child that survives its attempted termination? Presumably the foetus has acquired rights that it didnt hold inside the womb, or perhaps the woman loses her rights during that transition. It seems strange that location should alter the foetuses perspective so drastically later a ll, it is the same(p) being. It could be argued that it is independence that qualifies the foetus for its right to live. When it no longer needs its mother for survival, and is not reliant upon her in any way, she loses the right to decide its fate.Professor Thomsons explanation is somewhat different she too agrees that there is no justification for a woman to order the death of a foetus that lives following an abortion, but her conclude is not dependent upon any acquisition or loss of rights. Thomson argues that a termination is just the right for a woman to detach the foetus from her body. This is not an act of murder (even though its death is undeniable during its infancy) but an entitlement to liberation, whatever its outcome.21Professor Thomson presents an account that would be reasonable if the act of abortion was purely an attempt of separation. But in fact the procedure used is an attempt, not only to detach and remove the foetus, but to kill it.22 If the abortionist fail s in this task, then Thomson allows the baby a right to live. But as the method of termination is designed for the foetus to die, I believe it renders Thomsons point unsound.ConclusionProfessor Thomson concedes that It would be indelicate in the woman to request an abortion, and inauspicious in a doctor to perform it, if she is in her seventh month, and wants the abortion just to avoid the nuisance of postponing a mail abroad.23 So, even staunch defendants of feminist morality feel compelled to consider the foetuses interests once its development reaches a mature stage. It could be argued that the foetus has become a baby, and abortion is therefore tantamount to infanticide.I believe that anyone can exercise their right to self-defence if their life is threatened, and a woman can use her prerogative against the unborn baby at any stage of its development without recrimination. However, I feel that a womans right to expel her foetus for any other reason has only sexual relation ju stification. Relative because a womans rights to abort become less sound as the foetus develops.There is, in my opinion, a necessary correlation in the midst of foetal development and a womans right to termination. A woman may exercise her choice without compromise during early pregnancy, because the foetus is nothing more then potential, but justification becomes less palatable as potential becomes actualised. git a woman really hold the same rights to choose what happens within her own body when the foetus is twenty quintet weeks old, as she did when it was ten weeks old?As previously mentioned, arbitrarily choosing a point in the foetuses life and exclaiming before this point the thing is not a person, after this point it is a person, does come to the fore contrived. But its comparison with before this point a woman can choose, after this point she cant does seem vindicated against less satisfactory views. The purpose of this essay was to assess a case for abortion that was not dependent on the foetuses right to life, but instead to instruct a womans right to choose. I dont believe that either position can be considered without respecting the rights of the other. Therefore, in my opinion a woman holds considerable rights but they are only relative to the foetuses level of development.BIBLIOGRAPHYDwyer, Susan, The Problem of Abortion. capital of the United Kingdom WadsworthPublishing Company, 1997Glover, Jonathan, Causing Death and legal transfer Lives. London Penguin Books, 1997Harris, John, The Value of Life. London Routledge, 1985 data on Abortion Abortion, Wikipedia, the uninvolved Encyclopaedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbortionOther_means_of_ abortionRichards, Janet, The Sceptical Feminist. Harmondsworth Pelican, 1982Sherwin, Susan, No Longer Patient. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1992Thomson, Judith, A Defence of Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1971 pp. 47-66Tooley, Michael, Abortion and Infanticide. London O xford University Press, 1983Warren, Marry Anne, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, The Monist, 1973