ALS essays

ALS essays Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Motor Neuron Disease (MND), Mal Charcot, or Lou Gehrigs Disease, is a life threatening neurodegenerative disease. ALS causes the progressive loss of nervous system control of voluntary muscle systems by breaking down of motor neurons in the nerve cells in the brain and spinal core. It affects one in every 100,000 people, more men than woman, and symptoms dont usually develop until sufferers are in their fifties. The symptoms of ALS include muscle weakness, decrease in muscle coordination and mass, loss of tissue due to a lack of nervous stimulation, possible paralysis, muscle cramps, voice impairment like hoarseness, slow or abnormal speech, difficulty swallowing and breathing, urinary urgency, leg ankle and feet swelling. Additionally, the nerves controlling muscles in which use is lost, shrink and disappear. This disease has a gradual onset that progressively worsens until death, which usually occurs within three to five years. There are three types of ALS. In some cases it is known that people inherit ALS, but often there are sporadic or non-inherited cases too. The third kind is Guamanian, because there are so many cases in Guam. Nearly 30,000 people currently have the disease, and 95 percent of them are thought to have the sporadic form. Recently they have identified genetic mutations that appear to cause more than half or these cases. The newly identified mutations involve a protein called EAAT2 where some of the useless introns that are supposed to be cut out of the DNA, are kept, while exons are discarded. This produces defective RNA that leads to a defective EAAT2 protein or no protein at all. EAAT2, normally deactivates and recycles glutamate, a chemical certain nerve cells use to send messages to each other. Johns Hopkins researchers have previously shown that many ALS patients have little or no EAAT2 in certain areas of ...

How to Make Glowing Printer Ink

How to Make Glowing Printer Ink You can make homemade glowing ink that you can use in your printer to make glow in the dark letters, signs, or pictures. Its easy to do and works on all kinds of paper or even for making iron-on transfers for fabric. Glowing Ink Materials glow powder (sold in craft stores; if you cant find it you can substitute glowing paint)printer ink refillempty printer cartridgesyringe (available at any pharmacy) Prepare the Glowing Ink Basically, youre adding a chemical to normal ink that will cause it to glow in the dark. Ink formulations, especially for printers, are complex, so the resulting ink may not print as smoothly as it ordinarily would. You may wish to adjust the ratio of ingredients to get just the right ink for your needs. In a small bowl, mix together 1/4 teaspoon of glow powder with 3 teaspoons of ink from your refill ink cartridge.Microwave the ink for 30 seconds to help it mix better.Use a syringe to draw up the ink.You may be able to locate the refill holes on the cartridge (often under the label) and inject the ink into the cartridge without breaking it open, but it you cant find the holes then remove the cap from an empty printer cartridge and inject the glowing ink. Re-seal the cap back onto the ink cartridge (if necessary) and insert it into your printer.Print a few pages to give the ink a chance to flow, then print out your glowing document.Charge the ink by shining a bright light onto the printed image for about a minute. Sunlight or a black light works best, but you can use any bright light source.Turn out the lights and see the glow! The glow from the ink will fade after a few minutes in the dark, but if you keep the ink exposed to black light it will continue to glow.

Media Studies A2 Have Scorsese's gangster films become too violent Essay

Media Studies A2 Have Scorsese's gangster films become too violent - Essay Example He has been producing films since the 1970's - his most recent one is The Departed (2006). His films are notorious for reflecting New York's life, which imply organized crime and violence. Violence has always been a part of the gangster film genre. Already films like Scar face from 1932 highly contained violence in the plot as well as The Maltese Falcon from 1941. This key issue has maintained over the last decades and I would like to analyze whether the genre has become too violent, regarding to Martin Scorsese film repertoire. I further try to examine if this is a natural progression, because of what is happening to the modern society and as a result to the Films or if this is attributable to Martin Scorsese only. I am going to start with analyzing three films of Scorsese spread over nearly 30 years, to pinpoint this trend. I am therefore going to analyze a couple of main scenes from the films The Departed (00's), Goodfellas (90's) and Mean Streets (70's), which reflect three decades of his work. All three films are considered to be great gangster films. The first scene to be analyzed is from Mean Streets from 1973. The whole film contains a couple of fighting scenes but only two in which you can actually see blood. Also, there are two shoot-outs and in total two people die. The USK for Mean Streets is 18. The iconography in the mean streets is overtly religious. Perhaps the only more religious movie Martin Scorsese has made is the last temptation of Christ. The search of Charlie for redemption perhaps shows a simpler time when good was good and bad was bad. Charlie had no doubt where he stood in this equation. The scene I am analyzing is the end of the film which suggests that it can be seen as the main scene of the film. One of the main character gets killed in this part of the film and the fact that this is likely to be the main scene of the whole film gives the impression that these 53 seconds of violence are the climax of the film and hence the climax of violence as well. There was certain clarity in this film on the morality which was again perhaps a reflection of the times In goodfellas, the ante on the violence is definitely raised. There is the Murder of the Innocent Spider and the brutal murder of Billy Batts. And the murder of Billy Batts is Jarring. First Billy Batts is beaten up, thrown in the trunk of the car, then stabbed later and then buried. And while it is graphically shocking it is done extremely nonchalantly as if it is commonplace. None of the actors were widely known yet for their acting of gangster roles in 1973 so there were no suggestions that the film may contain high violence as Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel or David Proval (main actors) were not associated with brutality in films at that time. It starts off with three main characters driving in a car. You can hear the sound of squealing tyres and another car appears in the dark. A man is holding a gun out of the window. One of the passengers gets shot and you can see the blood coming out of the victim. However the lighting is very low and you can barely see any details. The car th en crashes. The lighting plays a major role in this scene as it "censors" the whole villainy. The narrative of the film is mainly four men acting as loan sharks. The murders have a storical background which fit into the

Finance (Principles) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance (Principles) - Essay Example Jack wishes to have the exact same amount of monies available at the end of the 12 months as his friend Sandra. Thus Jack is aware he must re-invest the principal and any interest earned at the expiry of the 9-month term deposit. Jack should re-invest his money in the next three months at 0.47% interest rate per month, or at 5.6% interest per annum, in order to make his investment equal to that of Sandra at the end of 12 months. You plan to borrow $380,000 from ANZ Bank to fund an investment opportunity. The Bank offers you a reduction in principal loan (in this type of loan repayments comprise principal plus interest) with a nominal interest rate (APR) of 6.8% compounded monthly over a 12-year period. This is a typical type of business loan where the bank negotiates a loan with the customer based upon a given period (in this case payments are based on a 12-year term) BUT in this particular type of loan the Bank requires you to repay the loan balance in full earlier than 12 years (BEFORE MATURITY) - unless you re-negotiate a new loan with them. You have $100,000 at your disposal today. You wish to endow a college scholarship. You structure the scholarship so that, beginning today, it will pay out the same amount of money per year forever. The endowment discount rate is 7%. Dreamliner Airline is considering investing in several new aircraft. The initial investment will cost them $675 million. The investment is expected to produce revenue of $118 million per year over the next 25 years. The cost of running the new planes is $23 million per annum over the 25-year period. c) Using the WACC you calculated in Q5 (you will not be able to answer this question until you complete Q5!) and following the IRR investment rule, should Dreamliner Airline take on the investment opportunity to buy the new planes? Explain why or why not? (4 MARKS) d) Theory suggests the WACC calculation is simply an estimated figure for the cost of capital.

The Student Movement and 1968 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Student Movement and 1968 - Essay Example The essay "The student movement and 1968" will help to understand, that political oppression is one of the main factors that encouraged student action in the 1960s, where students wanted to offer an alternative opposition that the government lacked. In 1966, the two main West German political parties, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democrats (CDU), merged to create the Grand Coalition. The Grand Coalition selected Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU to become the chancellor. The decision sparked controversy because Kissinger served as the radio propagandist of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party (Allinson, 2013, p.141). In addition, the formation of the Grand Coalition created social unrest because it decreased and curtailed parliamentary opposition (Allinson, 2013, p.142). With the union of CDU and the SPD, the only remaining opposition party was the relatively small organization of the Free Democratic Party (FDP). The studen t movement formed part of the â€Å"extraparliamentary opposition† or APO (Von Dirke, 1997, p.34). Andrei S. Markovits, an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and American sociologist Philip S. Gorski assert that APO is not a monolithic movement. They stress that the â€Å"term APO never designated a single organization or tendency. Rather, APO was a loosely negative alliance between a diffuse array of groups united against a shared opponent† (cited in Von Dirke, 1997, p.34). The Socialist German Student Union served as the leader of the student movement in Germany.

Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia

Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preterm delivery Babita Ghodke*,1, Raghuram Puskuru2, Varshil Mehta3, Kunal Bhuta4 1Associate Professor, 2Senior Resident, 3Intern, 4Junior Resident Department of Medicine, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India. Abstract Introduction: During last two trimesters of pregnancy, glucose is spared (for the foetus) while the concentration of fatty acids in plasma increases which can create complications like Preeclampsia, Gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm delivery. Aim: To study the association of serum lipid levels during second and third trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm. Methods and Materials: The present study was carried out at MGM Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.   200 antenatal cases from October, 2012 to October 2014 were enrolled after taking an informed consent. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. All reported p-values are two-tailed, and confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% level. Results: In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean Systolic Blood Pressure was 151.40 mm/Hg and mean diastolic blood pressure was 74.03 mm/Hg in third trimester. In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean serum triglyceride levels in second trimester was 204.00 mg/dl while 243.20 md/dl in third trimester. In Gestational Diabetes Mellitus patients, the mean serum triglyceride was 214.33 mg/dl in second trimester while 230.50 mg/dl in third trimester. In patients with preterm, the mean triglycerides levels 212.83 mg/dl and 240.16 mg/dl in second and third trimester respectively. In pre-eclamptic patients the mean serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210 mg/dl, while in third trimester, it was 243.60 mg/dl. In GDM patients, the mean serum cholesterol was 223.50 mg/dl and 242.83 mg/dl in second and third trimester respectively. 213.33 mg/dl and 243.66 mg/dl were the means cholesterol levels in second and third trimester respectively in patients with preterm. Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 {10%} had preeclampsia, 6 {3%} had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 {3%} had preterm deliveries. Conclusion:An association between maternal early pregnancy triglyceridaemia, and the subsequent risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm deliveries was observed. Occurrence of Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes and Preterm deliveries cannot be predicted based on the values of Serum Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and VLDL-Cholesterol. Hence estimation of lipid profile is strongly recommended during pregnancy to prevent deleterious effect of hyperlipidaemia associated with pregnancy. Keywords: Lipid Profile, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Preterm, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy related disease. 1. Introduction Pregnancy is a physiological process which causes profound changes in the body. It leads to an increase in demands for metabolic fuels and also causes alteration in hormonal levels which may cause few changes in lipid profile during pregnancy [1]. During last two trimesters, glucose is spared (for the foetus) while the concentration of fatty acids in plasma increases which leads to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Gestational Hypertension (GHTN) respectively. Freinkel had described this process as accelerated starvation, and facilitated anabolism [2]. GDM and GHTN can lead to peri and postpartum complications. Pregnancy is often also complicated with diseases which can hamper Cardio-Vascular System. GDM and GHTN are few of them which can develop type 2 diabetes and systemic hypertension in later part of life [3,4]. In our previous study, we showed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol increases in last two trimesters. The increase is even greater in third trimester, when compared to the second. However, HDL-Cholesterol levels are decreased in third trimester when compared to that of second. The study concluded that the estimation of lipid profile is highly recommended during pregnancy due to its association with high levels of triglycerides which may lead to Pre-eclampsia, GDM and preterm delivery [5]. The present study is a continuation of our previous study and here, it evaluates the clinical significance of the lipid profile level in pregnancy and its effect on the development of pregnancy induced diseases like GDM, pre-eclampsia and preterm. 2. Aim To study the association of serum lipid levels during second and third trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm. 3. Material, Methods, Ethics, Statistical Analysis, Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The present study is a continuation of our previous study and the material, methods, ethics, inclusion and exclusion criteria could be obtained from our previous study [5]. In brief, the present study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Mission Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. A total of 200 pregnant local women were enrolled from October 2012 to 2014. Out of the 200 subjects, 10 developed GHTN in late third trimester which was detected after 32nd week during follow-up which were also included. The venous blood sample was collected from all subjects for measurement of lipid profile in the 16th week and 32nd week of gestation for analysis. All pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy with a gestational age of 13-28 weeks, irrespective of parity and gravida were included. Pregnant women in whom hypertension (HTN) was detected before 14 weeks and those with diseases or complications like chronic HTN, Diabetes, Renal Disorders and Thyroid Disorders, Obstetric and Foetal Complications (Hydrops foetalis, congenital foetal anomalies) were excluded. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. All reported P values are two-tailed, and confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% level. The data was presented using frequencies, percentages, descriptive statistics followed by charts and graphs. Level of significance was set at 5%. All p-values less than 0.05 were treated as significant. 4. Results The mean age of patients was 24.87 years with a SD of 2.7 years. The minimum age was 18 years and the maximum age was 30 years. 4.1 Blood Pressure The mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in second trimester was 117.03 mm/Hg with a SD of 10.33 mm/Hg. In third trimester, it was increased to 120.77 with a SD of 14.675. In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean SBP was 151.40 with a SD 6.05. (p =0.00) in third trimester. There was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blood pressure values among normal and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester. The mean Diastolic Blood Pressure in our study in third trimester was 72.11 mm/Hg with a SD of 6.88 mm/Hg. In third trimester, the mean SBP was increased to 74.03 with a SD of 8.616. In pre-eclamptic patients the mean was 92.00 with a SD 2.59 (p =0.00). There was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blood pressure values among normal and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester. Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 had preeclampsia, 6 had GDM and 6 had preterm deliveries. 4.2 Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm The below table (figure 1) indicates the 95% confidence interval for triglyceride levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm. The mean triglyceride level in second trimester was 188.68 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 20.88 mg/dl. In third trimester, the mean triglyceride (TG) level was increased to 216.78 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 20.09 mg/dl [5]. In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean serum triglyceride levels in second trimester was 204.00 with a SD 18.904 (p =0.00), while in third trimester, the mean was 243.20 with a SD of 15.58 (p =0.00). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum triglyceride levels and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters (figure 1). Outcome Trimester Mean N SD SEM 95 % CI Lower Bound Upper Bound Preeclampsia Second Trimester 204.00 20 18.90 4.23 195.71 212.29 Third Trimester 243.20 20 15.58 3.48 236.37 250.03 GDM Second Trimester 214.33 6 18.64 7.61 199.42 229.25 Third Trimester 230.50 6 17.03 6.95 216.88 244.12 Preterm Second Trimester 212.83 6 11.99 4.90 203.24 222.43 Third Trimester 240.17 6 7.73 3.16 233.98 246.35 Figure 1. Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm 4.3 Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm The below table (figure 2) indicates the 95% confidence interval for cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm. In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210.75 with a SD 24.248 (p =0.320), in third trimester, the mean was 243.60 with a SD of 25.84 (p =0.826). There was no statistical significance observed between serum cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters. Compared to the normal value of 200mg/dl, cholesterol level is raised in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women cholesterol level is raised more than the values in normal pregnancy. Outcome Trimester N Mean SD SEM 95% CI Lower Bound Upper Bound Preeclampsia 2nd Trimester 20 210.75 24.25 5.42 199.401 222.10 3rd Trimester 20 243.60 25.85 5.78 231.50 255.69 GDM 2nd Trimester 6 223.50 25.16 10.27 197.09 249.90 3rd Trimester 6 242.83 27.14 11.08 214.35 271.31 Preterm 2nd Trimester 6 213.33 20.23 8.25 192.10 234.55 3rd Trimester 6 243.66 27.200 11.10 215.12 272.21 Figure 2. Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm 4.4 Association of HDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm The below table (figure 3) indicates the 95% confidence interval for HDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm. In third trimester, the mean serum HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C) level in normal patients was 42.78 with a SD of 4.31, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 45.60 with a SD 4.12 Compared to the normal value of 40-60 mg/dl, HDL-Cholesterol level is within normal range in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclamptic women HDL-C level was higher than normal pregnancy but within normal range. In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum HDL Cholesterol levels in second trimester was 51.8 with a SD 5.8 (p =0.040), in third trimester, the mean was 45.60 with a SD of 4.1 (p =0.006). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum HDL -Cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters. Outcome Trimester N Mean SD SEM 95% CI Lower Bound Upper Bound Preeclampsia 2nd Trimester 20 51.80 5.84 1.30 49.06 54.53 3rd Trimester 20 45.60 4.12 .92 43.67 47.52 GDM 2nd Trimester 6 52.00 7.07 2.88 44.57 59.42 3rd Trimester 6 41.16 7.27 2.97 33.52 48.80 Preterm 2nd Trimester 6 49.00 6.13 2.50 42.56 55.43 3rd Trimester 6 45.50 4.03 1.64 41.26 49.73 Figure 3. Association of HDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm 4.5 Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm The below table (figure 4) indicates the 95% confidence interval for LDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm. In third trimester, the mean serum LDL-Cholesterol level in normal patients was 137.80 with a SD of 13.67, in preeclamptic patients the mean was 137.80 with a SD 11.5.   Compared to the normal value of 130 mg/dl [5], triglyceride level is raised in normal pregnancy. In preeclamptic women LDL-C level was same as in normal pregnancy (figure 4). In preeclamptic patients the mean serum LDL-C levels in second trimester was 92.7 with a SD 18.2 (p =0.943), in third trimester, the mean was 137.8 with a SD of 11.5 (p =0.996). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum LDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters. Outcome Trimester N Mean SD SEM 95% CI Lower Bound Upper Bound Preeclampsia 2nd Trimester 20 92.70 18.22 4.07 84.17 101.23 3rd Trimester 20 137.80 11.59 2.59 132.37 143.22 GDM 2nd Trimester 6 96.83 31.39 12.81 63.89 129.77 3rd Trimester 6 150.16 9.88 4.03 139.79 160.54 Preterm 2nd Trimester 6 84.50 6.12 2.50 78.07 90.92 3rd Trimester 6 127.83 10.64 4.34 116.66 139.00 Figure 4. Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm 4.6 Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm The below table (figure 5) indicates the 95% confidence interval for VLDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm. In third trimester, the mean serum VLDL-Cholesterol (VLDL-C) level in normal patients was 35.88 with a SD of 6.5, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 39.7 with a SD 7.1.   Compared to the normal value of 35 mg/dl [5], VLDL-C level is raised in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women VLDL-C level was increased more than that in normal pregnancy. In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum VLDL-C levels in second trimester was 30.9 with a SD 7.9 (p =0.93), in third trimester, the mean was 39.7 with a SD of 7.1 (p =0.016). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum VLDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in second trimester but significance was found in third trimesters. Outcome Trimester N Mean SD SEM 95% CI Lower Bound Upper Bound Eclampsia 2nd Trimester 20 30.95 7.93 1.77 27.23 34.66 3rd Trimester 20 39.70 7.11 1.59 36.36 43.03 GDM 2nd Trimester 6 27.16 6.01 2.45 20.85 33.47 3rd Trimester 6 34.00 5.65 2.30 28.06 39.93 Preterm 2nd Trimester 6 25.66 3.98 1.62 21.48 29.84 3rd Trimester 6 36.83 6.96 2.84 29.52 44.14 Figure 5. Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm 4.7 Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimester The mean values of Serum cholesterol, Serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C are given in figures 6 and 7. Trimester Outcome Serum Cholesterol {mg/dl} Serum Triglycerides {mg/dl} HDL-CHOLESTEROL {mg/dl} LDL-CHOLESTEROL {mg/dl} VLDL-CHOLESTEROL {mg/dl} Second Trimester Preeclampsia 210.75 204.00 51.80 92.70 30.95 GDM 223.50 214.33 52.00 96.83 27.16 Preterm 213.33 212.83 49.00 84.50 25.66 Third Trimester Preeclampsia 243.60 243.20 45.60 137.80 39.70 GDM 242.83 230.50 41.16 150.16 34.00 Preterm 243.66 240.16 45.50 127.83 36.83 Figure 6. Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimester Figure 7. Comparison of Lipid parameters between second and third trimester 4.9 Complications outcome distribution Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 {10%} had preeclampsia, 6 {3%} had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 {3%} had preterm deliveries (Figure 8). Complication No of Cases Percentage No Complication 168 84% Pre-eclampsia 20 10% GDM 6 3% Preterm 6 3% Total 200 100% Figure 8. Distribution according to Complications 5. Discussion Hypercholesterolemia is known to cause excessive lipid peroxidation and coexistent diminution in antioxidant activity which may result in an imbalance between peroxidases and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and elevated atherogenic index may lead to atherogenicity in Pre-eclampsia [6]. 5.1 Triglycerides In a study conducted by Arnon Wiznitzer et. al., to prove the association of lipid levels during gestation with preeclampsia and GDM in 9911 pregnant women, they observed that the composite endpoint (GDM or preeclampsia) occurred in 1209 women (12.2%). During the index pregnancy, GDM was diagnosed in 638 women (6.4%) while Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 625 pregnancies (6.3%) [7]. In a study by Lorentzen et al., it was observed that the mean triglyceride concentrations of pre-eclampsia patients were higher than normal pregnant women at 16-18 weeks [8]. Later, a large prospective cohort study conducted in Norway by Clausen et al. (2001) also demonstrated that women with triglycerides above 212 mg/dL (2.4 mmol/L) had a five-fold increased risk (95% CI 1.1-23.1) of early onset pre-eclampsia (onset before 34 weeks) compared with those with triglycerides levels 133 mg/dL [9]. A study done by S. Niromanesh et. al., to compare the outcomes of forty five pregnant women who had high TG levels (>195 mg/dl) with 135 pregnant women having TG levels [10]. In a study done by Kandimalla et. al., comprising 156 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic visits were included prior to 20 weeks and were analysed for lipid levels. 102 participants were followed until delivery and were monitored for pre-eclampsia. They reported that mean triglyceride levels were found significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia group. Women with triglycerides above 130 mg/dL had increased risk of pre-eclampsia compared with those with triglycerides levels of 91 mg/dL or less [11]. In the present study, compared to the normal value of 150 mg/dl [12], during second trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 195.71 and 212.29, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with outcome GDM was between 199.42 and 229.25; while the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 203.24 and 222.43. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 195 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclampsia, and triglycerides greater than 199.42mg/dl lead to GDM and levels above 203.24mg/dl lead to Preterm delivery. During third trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 236.37 250.03, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with outcome GDM was between 216.88 244.12 and the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 233.98 and 246.35. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 236 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclamps ia, triglyceride level of more than 216.88 mg/dl leads to GDM and triglyceride level of more than 233.98mg/dl leads to Preterm delivery (figure 1). Our findings correlate with the findings of a study done by Kandimalla et. al [11]. 5.2 Cholesterol

Leadership from Genghis Khan Essay

In 1165, a child was born in the heart of Asia. It is said that when he was born, he was clutching a blood clot-a sign from Heaven that he was destined to be a great warrior. His name is Genghis Khan, meaning â€Å"Universal Ruler†. The word Khan is not a name, but a title. It means emperor or king. This word had been used by different tribes or nations in various forms in central Asia. Genghis Khan is the most greatest among those Khans.(Abbott, 1902) His life was about to become a legend in human history. Many people believe that his story is full of butchering people and some scholars even compared him to Hitler. The real character of Genghis Khan, however, is far more intriguing. How did this illiterate outcast turn the feuding tribes of Mongolia into a powerful nation? And how did he transform the Mongol hordes into a ruthless and disciplined fighting machine? Snapshot of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan was born with the name of Temujin in 1165 on the banks of the river Onon. When he was 9 years old, he met his father’s death, poisoned by Tatars, who were the dominant tribe in eastern Mongolia at that time. None of his father’s followers want to be led by a 9 years old boy, but neither did they want to kill Temujin for fear of starting a feud with his father’s relatives. His father’s followers left Temujin and his mother by the clan, who are afraid of him succeeding to his father’s position. After that, Temujin began survival. He became the youth who fought for survival of him and his mother, abandoned by his father’s followers after the murder of his father. (Historic World Leaders, 1994) When he was 14, he was taken prisoners by the Taichi’uts. However, he escaped successfully. Then he soon married to his first wife, Borte. Unluckily, his wife was later captured by his enemy. He then united Jamuka, who is his blood brother, and Toghrill to rescue his wife. But after this rescue, the gap between Temujin and his blood brother was becoming more and more large because both he and Jamuka are persons who are eager to be the leader of clan. They both want to be the Khan who can unite the Mongol. They cannot stand to become the leader assistance. In 1185, he Mongol princes acclaimed Temujin as their ruler. After that, he experienced tremendous setbacks and overcame. (Historic World Leaders, 1994) In 1206, Temujin united all the tribes in Mongol, he was proclaimed to the emperor of all Mongols, and given the title Genghis Khan, which means † Universal Monarch†. After that, Genghis Khan began his conquering to Asia and Europe. During the followed two decades, Genghis Khan would lay the foundations for the largest empire ever known. (Xu, 2002) In 1213, the Mongolian crossed the Great Wall, spreading out to northern part of China. Genghis Khan’s army sacked Beijing in 1215. In 1219, He began his bloody slaughters, moving westward. In 1227, it is said that he died because the internal injury suffered after falling from his horse. At that time, the land he conquered was from the borders of Turkey to Russia to northern India to China.(Schlager and Lauer, 2001) However, it is undeniable that Genghis Khan is a slaughter when he was conquering. It is said that every time his army conquered a city, they would kill all the men whose height is over the height of wheel and put all the women, elderly, and children into slavery. There is a statistics states that the Mongolian army led by Genghis Khan killed 30 million people in China, 200 million people in total including Asia and Europe. In 1122, there are 93.47 million people in China. However, in 1274, when the Yuan dynasty was established by Genghis Khan’s descendants, there were only 8.87 million people in China. () There was once a rumor, which proved to be not real, said he killed 1,748,000 people in one hour. (Qing, 2011) Leadership Traits Genghis Khan has a majority of leadership traits, which does not change as him moves from situation to situation. I will analyze three aspects traits of Genghis Khan, which are physical or background traits, personality of ability traits, and task or social traits. Physical and background trait From the perspectives of physical and background trait, he is always being an energetic person. He spent his whole life on integrating different tribes in Mongolia and conquering lands as large as possible. When he died, his emperor controlled a region that stretched from the borders of Turkey to China to Russia to northern India. However, he is illiterate all his life, not ever educated. Personality or ability trait From the perspective of personality or ability traits, Genghis Khan is the person who has a unique personality and charisma. He is a very creative person. The nomadic tribe was a backward tribe at that time. The weapons they mainly used are bow-and-arrow and sword. Genghis Khan developed different kind of technology during the conquest. He invented central Asian compound bow, which had the same power as to the European crossbow. He combined powder to the arrow, which did a great contribution to destroy the heavy European armour. Also, He invented the Mongol military tactics and organization helped the Mongol Emperor to conquer nearly all of continental Asia, the Middle East and parts of eastern Europe. In many ways, it can be regarded as the first â€Å"modern† military system. (May, 2007) He is self-confidence, but not ego. He did not need any comments on his self-confidence because when one third of the world is under your control, you did not lack for self-confidence. As a tactician and strategist, he was initiative and superb at seizing opportunities. He was also flexible in adapting to change situations. Genghis Khan once saw the new needs of his policy he had created, he responded. Social trait From the perspective of social traits, he is famous for cooperating with his followers to come up with the strategy or new inventions. His inspirational leadership made his followers loyal to him. Genghis Khan has excellent organizational skills and he is talented in sociability. He is a disciplined person, same as his army. Because of his organizational an strategic skills, he created one of the most highly effective armies in history, he was given birth to administrate this army. (May, 2003) Leadership Behavior A good leader is someone who does not make plans for the group, but to influence the group members toward the achievement of group goals in which the members view the influence as legitimate. A good leader is not only organizing the group, but to unite the group members to generate great effectiveness. Throughout Genghis Khan’s life, he used several leadership behaviors to influence his followers. Directive Leadership Behavior Genghis Khan has a vision that defines and articulates clearly where he wants to go. He sets goals for followers, planning and coordinating followers’ work. As a commander and a statesman, he is always far-sighted strategic thinking. For example, Genghis Khan’s ultimate goal is to conquer the central part of China. However, after establishing his own regime in eastern Mongolia, contrary to expectations, he did not to attack the Jin Dynasty, which took over the northern part of China during that time by Jurchen people. Because he knew that even if he could win in the beginning, he would be attacked by other tribes in the middle west of the Mongolia. So, he did not attempt a direct attack on northern China, but to desire to concentrate on integrating Mongolia.(Qing, 2011) Charismatic Leadership Behavior I think the own charismas of Genghis Khan is the key reason why he could become success. Genghis Khan has a unique personality and charisma. It has been remarked that one of Genghis Khan’s greatest assets was his personal charisma, what R. P. Lister called â€Å"the power to arouse exaltation in his followers, so that they are no longer moved entirely by thoughts of self-preservation, but become slightly mad.† (Historic World Leaders, 2011)It is surprised that all his comrades showed long time loyalty to him, no one ever betray him. He never doubt about his comrades’ loyalty. After every time success, he always awarded his ministers. He never killed them in order to gain more power, but to assign the power to his ministers. Leader Reward and Punishment Behavior One of the obvious leadership behaviors of Genghis Khan is that he reward success. He advocated that if they defeated the enemy, everyone should be assigned spoils. He always rewards those people who have done great contribution to success. He punished those people who disobey his law or rules. Every followers need to clear his rules, and rigorously obeyed. For example, if a soldier deserted his troop, he was executed. If a soldier failed to stop to help a fellow warrior whose baggage fell from his horse, he was executed. If two or more members of a troop made a great advance, but were not supported by their comrades, the latter were executed. (Man, 2009) Participative Leadership Behavior Unlike other rulers, Genghis Khan involved in conquest every time. He spend all his life on conquering, even to his death. In history, there are few rulers who can participate in the conquest as he did. He is also good at taking counsel from other people. He shows great respect to people who counsel. He always involve followers in the decision-making process. He can always get the right people, and use them well. For example, during his early years conquest, he had simply killed everyone who stood in his way. A former official of the Chinese emperor told Genghis Khan that they could pay him valuable tax money to finance further warfare if he would not continue killing people in the lands they conquered. Genghis Khan accepted this advice. (Schlager and Lauer, 2001) Genghis Khan’s Leadership Behavior in Hospitality Industry As a ruler of the empire which had the largest territory in the world ever. Genghis Khan’s greatest assets was his personal charisma. How can I use Genghis Khan’s leadership traits and behaviors for my career in hospitality industry? Can his leadership traits and leadership behaviors be used in hospitality industry? In the following paragraph, I will mainly analyze on how to apply his charismatic leadership behavior and his leader reward and punishment behavior in hospitality industry. There are mainly three attributions of Genghis khan’s charismatic behavior have strong influence on his follower’s attitudes, behaviors, and values. First, Get a Vision. In hospitality industry, even the same as the other industry, it is a great deal for a leader to have a vision. Genghis Khan has a great vision ability, he always clear what to do next. When Genghis Khan began to conquer the Mongol, he had a vision that unity could defeat any singles. In the end, his tribal unity threatened all his rivals. With time going on, his vision is becoming larger and larger: unite nation, build up an empire, even conquer the world. (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 1998) The general manager, as a leader in a hotel, needs to have a right vision and influence followers to dream it up. A general manager of a hotel should analyze the hotel objective, and then have a vision that what this hotel needs most at this time. A hotel general manager should have a vision by considering questions like these: How to use the efficient administration to ascend the RevPar? What kind of marketing strategy does the hotel need to have under the specific circumstances? Do customers enjoy our services? What is the relevance stuff between the needs of employees and the needs of the hotel. A hotel general manager should also have the vision changed with situation goes on. Second, employ the best, use the right person. One of the most charismatic traits of Genghis Khan is that he is brilliant in using people, no matter who they are. For example, he once found one of his prisoners, who has the administrative skills he lacked, but needed. His companions are people from different places, including Mongolian, Jurchen, Chinese, Jin etc..Choosing the right man, Mongol or non-Mongol, was one of Genghis’s supreme talents. (Shelton, 2005) However, in nowadays world, so many leaders do not like the people who are better than them because they are seen not as an asset but a threat. In hospitality industry, since the service is intangible, perishable, inseparate, and variable. Customers valued the hotel not only from the scales, but also the service. It is very essential for a leader in hospitality industry to use the right person in different positions to expand the profits. Employ good employees is only the first step for a manger to go, the more significant is to use employees well. Moreover, the turnover rate in hospitality industry is usually very high, employees always change jobs because of not satisfy with their jobs. Employees would not make commitments to employers if managers do not treat the relations with employees well. Managers should recognize that every employees need to be satisfied with their basic demands, which are not the money, honors, or high-positions, but to discover their own value. Third, perseverance. During Genghis Khan’s childhood, he risked for survival. When he was grown up, he kept on conquering till the last day of his life. Genghis Khan focus on one purpose in his life, which is to see his enemies brought to justice. He insisted on achieving this purpose all his life. He was never distracted by a desire for possessions or wealth as he became more powerful. In nowadays hospitality industry, perseverance also plays a significant role to a leader. In China, hospitality industry is a fast developing industry in recent years. Those international hotel brands, such as, Marriott, Hilton, and Carlson, are increasing star-scale hotels in China every year. Though there are a majority of opportunities in this industry, a lot of people choose to leave this industry but contribute to other industry, such as, finance or accounting. As a hotel leader, or even the employees in basic unit, persistence in hospitality industry can make you success. Because there are more opportunities in this industry than others. For example, the finance industry is almost saturated, it is very hard to move forward in this kind of industry. In China, a hospitality major student may start a basic salary, which is usually lower than other industry, in a hotel. However, this industry is having a lot of opportunities and less risky. In the same uncertainty situation, choose less risky industry would bring more return. So, it is necessary for a hotel manager to hold on consistently and persistently in this industry. Genghis Khan’s leader directive behavior can be applied well in hospitality industry. Genghis Khan has a great vision of what he and his Mongol hordes need to do. Genghis Khan made clear and firm rules for his hordes. Everyone has to obey the rule, even the royal family. This is also a significant step in establishing Genghis Khan’s hold over all the people and aligning them in support of his expansionist policies. He distributed different work to his followers and all of his followers made great commitments in return. In hospitality industry, the reason of some of the employees’ bad performance of services is that they are nor clear for their goals or not clear about the rules. At this time, a directive leader is certainly needed to pursuit followers, make a task-oriented, and specify rules. Also, Leader reward and punishment behavior is needed in hospitality industry. Hotel managers or supervisors should clear about the merits and achievements of their followers. They can build up a salary system to reward and make theLeaders should distribute fairly to followers so that followers will follow them loyally. Conclusion Genghis Khan was not only a ruler, but a unifier. Because of his conquest, he build up his empire stretching from Korea to Western Russia in the north and from Burma to Iraq in the south, opening up the road from eastern world to western world. Even, he made the foundation of the Eurasian history. Due to Genghis khan, the travel between East and West became relatively safe, which had not been exist for a very long period. However, he was also know as a harsh and mercilessly conqueror in history. In terms of leadership, Genghis Khan is a charismatic leader. He was exactly clear of his purpose, having a great vision, and insisting on that. He was humble, accepting criticism. He has a great ability of using the right people. His strategic and organizational skills created one of the most highly disciplined armies in history. Even in the hospitality industry, his leadership behaviors and traits can also be applied, and have contributions to it. People could learn from him in order to gai n the benefits in their career.

Digital Signal Processing

The concept of digital signal processing has been widely used these days, as it has provided many benefits to the users with its capability of converting analog signals into digital signals to facilitate the process of transmission. The encoding techniques are available which were developed after a comprehensive research to support and enable the transmission of digital signals to meet the user requirements. Apart from that, the process of ramification of every signal into many frequency bands where ever band has been digitally encoded by itself is termed as sub-band coding. Furthermore, it is better to encode lower frequency band with more bits than the higher frequency bands because the lower frequencies hold most of the speech energy. Sub-band coding method is mainly used to solve this particular problem. This paper depicts the benefits and the importance of sub-band coding, as well as it explains the steps involved in performing sub-band coding.The method of sub-band coding has b een widely practiced for the purpose of transmitting digital signals. For efficient signal encoding this particular method has provided many benefits. Moreover, sub-band coding has also been used for many years in audio industry for high quality digital audio transmission. At first, there is only one signal available which is then subdivided in many numbers of smaller sub-bands where every single number composed of a fractioned spectral of the actual spectrum from that actual signal. This process of dividing signal into sub-band will further assist each band to be transformed through distinct number of bits for every sample, and further every single band is classified according to its step size. By performing the above process resulted in a finer signal quality (Proakis and Manolakis, 2007).After completing the above process, it will now be possible to encode every single band separately according to the following set of steps. The starting step of the digital signal processing is t o apply the filtering required for the signal, which might be a high pass or a low pass signal. The purpose of filtering is to avoid the noise linked with the signal. The frequency of noise associated with the signal can be high or low, depends upon the actual signal requirement. Apart from that, to reduce the sub-band sampling rates, filters are used to minimize the bit rate in the signal encoding process. This method helps to reduce the signal on every band from a factor of two in sampling rate, which suggests that every second sample must be taken from the signal in the process of digital signal processing (Crochiere, 1981).Furthermore, the above step can be elaborated as if the signal is x[0-6], the samples taken from this would be x[0], x[2], x[4], and x[6]. The major reason of sampling through this method is to make sure that the reduced number of samples which would be quantized based on the following phase, which makes the quantization step to be as efficient and as quick as possible.The next step includes the quantization of signal on each band. In this process of quantization involves quantization noise to all the bits that are going to be sampled. However, at the   receiving end, all those signals which are acquired from the process of quantization   are to be   sampled from the   factor of two. By doing this method if the input signal is x[0-6], the output signal would now results in x[0], x[2], x[4], x[6]. Through performing this step, the identical number of samples before down sampling would be obtained where every substitute sample was missing (Veldhuis, Breeuwer, and Van Der Wall, 1989).The following step in the process of sub-band coding is to apply filters on all signals located at every single band where every filter should be of similar type which are used in the previous steps. Moreover, all filters are now used to lessen the number of sub-band sampling rates. These signals already moved through the quantization and the up and dow n sampling stages which results in proper mode of decoding (Schaffer and Rabiner, 1973).The final step requires amalgamating the signals from many sub-bands to achieve the output signal and to produce an altered version of the input signal. The following equation shows that there is only one band available from the two bands that will move in the equivalent process.X1 (z) is the signal on the transmitting end, which was acquired after moving from the H1(z) also known as the high-pass filter which is:X1 (z)= x1 (0)+ x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (3) z-3   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦_____ â€Å"1†X1 (-z)= x1 (0)- x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2- x1 (3) z-3   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦_____ â€Å"1A†It is therefore proved that Z-transformed is actually a result of passing a high pass filter to the signal which is the actual input x[n]. X1 (z)= X (z) H1(z) _____ â€Å"2†The down sampling has been performed by the factor of two on the signal which is originally X1 (z) will now be presented by Y1(z) signal as show n in the following equation:Y1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-1+ y1 (2) z-2+ y1 (3) z-3 †¦_____ â€Å"3†Y1(z)   = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-1+ x1 (4) z-2+ †¦_____ â€Å"4†The equation â€Å"4† mentioned above, explains that the down sampling effect has removed every single alternate sample available.However, at the other end signals that were previously up sampled, will now be considered as U1(z) at which every single alternate sample is equal to zero value.U1(z) = u1 (0)+ u1 (1) z-1+ u1 (2) z-2+ u1 (3) z-3   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦U1(z) = y1 (0)+0+ y1 (1) z-2+ 0+y1 (2) z-4+ †¦U1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-2+ y1 (2) z-4+ †¦ from â€Å"4†Ã‚   U1(z)= Y1(z2)U1(z) = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (4) z-4+ x1 (6) z-6 †¦U1(z) = (X1(z)+X1(-z))/2 = X(z) H1(z)+X(-z) H1(-z)/2__†5†Besides, the U1(z) signal now move towards the next high pass filter which is K1(z) which is positioned at the receiving point and specified as:V1(z)= U1(z) K1(z) =  ½ K1(z) [X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z ) H1(-z)] â€Å"6†Furthermore, the final output signal will now be created after each sub-band output is added which results in the subsequent equation:X_out(z)=V1(z)+ V2(z)X_out(z)=  ½ K1(z) [X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z) H1(-z)] +  ½ K2(z) [X(z) H2(z) )+X(-z) H2(-z)] .X_out(z)=    ½ [H2 (z) –H2 (-z)] X(z).When the final output is obtained, to make equation more expressive, it will now be altered into the frequency domain of w from the resulted Z domain, which will now be expressed in the following manner:X out(w)=  ½ [H2 (w)- H2 (w-p)] X(w).X out(w)= [e-jw(m-1) Hr2 (w) – e-j(m-1)(w-pi) Hr2 (w-p)] X(w).In the above equation, m represents that even number which measures the length of the filter.After completing the above procedure, the next phase requires experimentation which includes the implementation of sub-band coding that can be accomplished through two methods. The first method of experimentation is MATLAB, which requires the theory section to be followed from the same phases outlined. There is a file named as ‘subband.dat’ is provided from the input signal in this particular method. This file consists of many values which expresses the file regarding the capacity of the signal in a given time. Moreover, H2(z) was also given as the coefficients of the low pass filters (Croisier, 1974).It is also suggested that the high pass filters H1(z) are used with the low pass filters K2(z) which creates relationship among the filters explained below:H1(z) = H(z),   H2(z)= H(-z), K1(z)= 2H(z) and K2(z)= -2H(-z).Apart from that, there is one more value known as the SNR value that is required for the process of quantization where every single value of Q1 will be computed through the following equation:SNRdB=[ à ¥ xi(n)2 /   à ¥ (xi(n)- xo(n))2 ]. Where the limits of the summation is from n=0 to N-1.The next method for the implementation of the sub-band coding used is called C6711. It is a device that works as a converter and faci litate users in converting software implementations into the physical results. On the other hand, CRO is used on which the output will be connected for the verification of results. Moreover, the sine wave is also generated through connecting the frequency generator to the C6711 device (Rabiner and Gold, 1975).Finally, the results generated through MATLAB for the sub-ban coding reveals that before performing any find of modifications on the signal, it highly requires the plotting of input signal. Apart from that, result has also shown that the low pass and high pass filters of sub-bands were moved towards an intersection point which exactly equals to 0.5 rad/sample.The SNR values used in the process of quantization of distinct number of bits reached at a highest level of 16.5dB at the 5th bit. On the other hand, the SNR value has been calculated for 4 bit PCM system was almost 13.2dB. The value suggests that there is a 0.5dB variation from the value computed at the forth bit which is 12.7 dB and is acceptable after the comparison. However, the resulted output signal appeared on the CRO is quite similar to the input signal which explains that as the frequency increases the output signal will move towards zero (Kuester and Mize, 1973).After reviewing the whole process, it is concluded that the sub-band coding is a method to encode the input signal successfully with maximum efficiency. The two methods used in the process known as MATLAB and C6711 endorse the theory presented in the preceding sections which are considered as valid and reliable.

Life on the Line essays

Life on the Line essays For thousands of years, and generations upon generations, humans have faced decisions of life and death. Many times these decisions are based upon religion, superstition, and politics. Now we come to a junction in the social evolution of man, where we have the ability to take giant steps forward in the development of medicine and we stumble with our resolve to help everyone, based on ideologies of religion, ethics and politics. I would like to ask why, the full funding of stem cell research by the U.S. government should not proceed. In order to achieve the great breakthroughs in curing many diseases burdening all societies throughout the world, shouldnt we continue experimentation? Should we expect financial help from the federal government? In a report by B.A. Robinson, a stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Research using stem cells has been authorized in Britain, but was halted in the U.S. by President George W. Bush. Bush decided on 2001-AUG-9 to allow research to start again in government labs, but restricted research to use only existing lines of stem cells. Research continues in U.S. private labs and in both government and private labs in the UK, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries. In an article for Newsweek by Sharon Begley, there appears to be three main sources for stem cells. "Spare embryos" embryos leftover after a couple's in-vitro fertilization procedure is completed ...

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Over the generations as academia and civilization have transformed, changed, and grown there has always been a tear down the hearts and minds of this worlds greatest scholars. Questions of whether to follow the heart, its emotions and instincts, or the mind, and its intellect, land close to the hearts of anybody involved in academics. In a Merriam-Webster dictionary emotion is defined as 1 a : the affective aspect of consciousness : feeling b : a state of feeling c : a psychic and physical reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling and physiologically involving changes that prepare the body for immediate vigorous action. 1 Websters dictionary defines the emotion as a sort of sixth sense, a human reaction to an action, feeling. Emotion, is related to instincts, and is an important factor in the survival of humans. However, this same dictionary defines the intellect as 1 a : the power of knowing as distinguished from the power to feel and to will : the capacity for knowledge b : the capacity for rational or intelligent thought especially when highly developed2. Intellect is thus the ration seeking part of human thought. The manner in which one may differentiate between an impulse and judiciousness is through the intellect. One may ask if this means the intellect reigns supreme over emotion, yet I disagree. The debate between emotion and intellect is not a new one. In The Future of Illusion, Freud comments on the issue in respect to instincts. He articulates, We may insist, as much as we like that the human intellect is weak in comparison with human instincts, and be right in doing so. But nevertheless there is something peculiar about this weakness. The voice of the intellect is a soft one, but it does not rest until it has gained a hearing. Ultimately, after endlessly repeated rebuffs, it succeeds. This is one of the few points in which one may be optimistic about the future of mankind, but in itself it signifies not a little. And one can make it a starting-point for yet other hopes. The primacy of the intellect certainly lies in the far, far, but still probably not infinite, distance. (Freud, 92, 1928) In this passage Freud states clearly states that the human intellect does not have as much force behind it as human instincts, emotion and instincts come from a heart while facts, lacking passion, are all that finance the intellect. The power in the intellect is, however, in its ability to continue deeper, into a vast abyss of the unknown and undiscovered. Freud believed this abyss not to be infinite, due to the ability to have an answer for everything. While none has achieved this, but were they to, there would be no more answers beyond that, creating an end for all answers. However, this does not mean that intellect is absolute, due to the manner in which knowledge is flawed there is still room for instincts, even in Freuds eyes3. The topic of emotion as opposed to intellect, feeling vs. act, is often a heavy and heated topic. There are those whose lives center around the following of instincts to the extreme, such as Hindu sadhus in India and other spiritual seekers across the seven continents. There are also those who follow their intellects to the maximum, without using and having any interest in emotion, seemingly more common in academic circles than the former. Being a nihilist one would think Nietzsches ideas on the concepts of emotion are fairly disheartening, to any believer in the importance of emotion. His perceptions of the intellect are at times surprising and immensely interesting. In a passage from What is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals, the third essay in On the Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche comments on the intellect from a very different and unusual angle, for a nihilist. He begins the segment by influencing against pure reason, absolute spirituality, and knowledge itself. He urges toward understanding and contemplating a diversity of ideas, in order to gain a greater understanding as a collective. A little further along in a passage he declares, There is only a perspective of seeing, only a perspective knowing; and the more affects we allow to speak about one thing, the more eyes, different eyes, we can use to observe one thing, the more complete will our concept of this thing, our objective, be. But to eliminate the will altogether, to suspend each and every affect, supposing we were capable of this -what would that mean but to castrate the intellect? - (Nietzsche, 119) Nih ilism as a doctrine deems traditional values and ideals as unsubstantiated, and survival or existence as futile and useless. This is a very interesting vantage point. Throughout the writing of Nietzsche the necessity to take others ideas and opinions into account is underlined. In this section were told that without the ideas of the other ours cannot possibly be so strong. In affect, if we do not take those who disagree into account we may very well castrate our intelligence, our intellect. Nietzsche insists that we not take any one opinion as superlative, whether it is abundantly positive or negative, yet to browse and discuss in order to understand an issue more fully. The style of philosophy of which Nietzsche partakes in is which views perspective as a tool for infinite understanding. Similar to those who believe in Karma, Freidrich Nietzsches beliefs center on each particular situations perspective and which side of the situation or problem you are on, though he does not comment on Karma in any of his works. Darwin, in The Origin of Species, brings the importance of several vantage points rather than a supreme emotion or intellect into light. He pronounces the human intellect as inappreciable, microscopic or negligible4. The intent behind Darwins statement on this matter is that humans are well, just as the clichi goes, only human. Yes, that statement refers to both intellect as well as emotion. Human lives, and their understandings, are imperfect. Darwin is an expert on the varied species as a growing, changing, mechanism. His expertise noticed in The Voyage of the Beagle5 that the intellect became far keener when his subject back passionately excited about something, both passion and excitement being emotionally charged. Thus the argument for either intellectually based or emotionally based supremacy is at fault. When the question is what do I think of the Oedipus complex, of course one searches within their intellect for a greater understanding of the concept. When an old companion sends a letter, upon its reception ones heart, and more emotional side are contacted. However, what happens when and issue is not solely in the court of your heart or intellect? Unfortunately there is no supreme answer of which to follow, just as there is no supreme answer as which is more accurate, the heart or mind. Just as Nietzsche suggests, as mankind ventures deeper into the 21st century, we must attempt to see situations with our heart and minds, together. Whether the topic is politics, compassion, or hatred, as people we will have a obligation and ability to call on and utilize both heart and mind into use.

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Answer questions - Essay Example These dimensions can be used to determine exercise behavior as shown by numerous studies, such as Arais study in Japan and Rhodes and Smith study (Define Personality: Enduring characteristics that are important to a persons behavior) can frequently be related to personality. The conclusion of the studies showed that Extraversion could be associated with being active and hence pertained to individuals who would exercise more whereas Introversion could be related to a less active behavior. Furthermore it showed that athlete’s had a tendency to be more extroverted, emotionally stable and in some few cases psychotic. (Web) Stage 2 – Fixation/ Diversification – Ensuring the movement is consistent within the current environment and then adapting the movement accordingly so that the performance turns out to be successful. (Web) To clearly understand these two stage let’s look at the example of how playing long-tennis can incorporate the effective use of these two stages. It incorporates the key elements in form of body movement and object manipulation. In the first stage the player will focus on understanding how he must organize his movement to successfully serve to his advantage. He then determines how relevant what move or playing position will be by using the available information for the motor skills. In the second stage, before the opponent strikes the ball in your direction you hold still or shit from spot to spot it depends, (fixate) until you decide what direction the ball might head towards. And finally you incorporate diversification in your movement with perhaps a tennis forehand drive out of reach of opponent. Hence you incorporate key elements of body movement and object manipulation of Gentile’s Model in playing Tennis. According Nideffer’s (1981) framework of the theory of Attentional and Personal Style is used mainly in the process of

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic HRM - Essay Example HRM is about the competitive advantage to be gained from making the most of an organisation's human resources. But ,it is obvious that there are constraints of availability of suitable people which is heavily dependent on environmental variables like the effects of world and national economic conditions for business growth , the effect of inflation on the perceived value of wages ,traditions of local business culture and a particular nature of national employment markets. These variables have a 'macro' effect on the utilization of human resources. Identifying the relationship between HRM and strategy is simpler in theory than in practise. Organisations may take a variety of approaches towards HR and strategy ,ranging from those which give no consideration whatsoever to human resources to some where HR becomes the driving force. The significant issue in HR strategy is that of integration with overall business strategy. The idea is to emphasize the need for human resource practitioners to achieve an understanding of how business strategies are formed.