Differing views of salvation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Differing views of salvation - Essay ExampleThe emphasis on soteriology in Revelation has mainly to do with perseverance. rescuer is introduced as the ane who died and was raised again. Christ is also the Lamb slain who calls the thirsty to drink of the water of life. This is shown in His anticipated second coming when He is expected to judge the world. As in (Revelation 17.). Johns book of revelation is unique because of its apocalyptic nature. In his book, he fosters a sense of crisis, proclamations and impending traumas, which reveals a sense of world-ending catastrophes, which are unimaginable. However, his visions are just to clarify the importance of the churches for Gods purposes in the world and push them to ensure the fulfillment of the purposes. The vision of a slain beloved (Revelation 5) standing victorious underscores that the congregations are supposed to walk faithfully with the one with the definitive triumph. Their suffering can only be saved by the one sitting o n the throne because He has power that creates, sustains and also brings fulfillment. John talks about the beast, and their allies that conquer with retributive violence, force, deception and domination. It seems like an overwhelming situation that nobody can stand against, but those who follow the lamb wherever He goes come out conquerors (Revelation 144). These worship visions also move believers that despite overwhelming plagues, they can overcome them because the God of Jesus remains the true God and the one worthy of their trust.

Positive psychology Essay Example for Free

Positive psychology EssayThe idea and the purpose behind the field of positive psychology is not to cure patients of mental illnesses but to make a normal persons life more fulfilling and more satisfactory. Positive psychology has to do with human happiness, cheerfulness and an optimistic attitude in life on the whole. This branch of psychology works on strengthening personal resolve and character building. It is essentially a specialized field and a fancy name for what was already being practiced by counselors.In my opinion, adding this branch of psychology demonstrates the growing need for boot before cure. Psychologists realize the nature of mental illnesses in this day and age. They are concerned with the rapid increase in the number of patients. Hence in social club to keep the rest of the population feeling positive about themselves, psychologists have come to realize that they need to boost the peoples morale to veto an onset of a mental illness such as depression, w hich more often than not can easily go unnoticed.Research shows that the phrase, laughter- the best medicament, actually stands true. Laughing, smiling, praising someone on their work and generally feeling satisfied in life rather than unsatisfied and ungrateful are the chance upon elements of positive psychology. If the minds happy, the body stays happy. It is the simple application of the ancient concept of the brain controlling the body.For instance when I am at work, instead of constantly worrying about when I will be getting my promotion, if I am happy that I get to work less hours than Bob then my positive attitude will actually help me enjoy my work more. Similarly worrying less about silly things give care my favorite cookies being out of stock in the market will do wonders for me on the whole. Itll make me a more relaxed person, someone who is more approachable and someone who can radiate positive energy into the environment around him. Itll be my way of giving back to t he community.

Why America should choose to drill for oil in Alaska Essay Example for Free

Why America should choose to drill for cover in Alaska EssayDrilling for embrocate in Alaska has been one of the most controversial topics in the United Stated for many years. Many U. S geologists have corroborate that billions of barrels of oil colour lie beneath the Alaskan coastal plain. In the east of Alaska lies The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge considered to be the largest oil field of trade union America. It is essential for United States to take a plunge in Alaska and seek out this viable opportunity. These fresh barrels of US oil allow for founder away the countrys dependency on the oil rich Middle Eastern countries especially Iraq. The House of Representatives approved drilling in Alaska by passing an energy bill in Aug 2001. This year, the President of United States, lifted the ban on oil and gas drilling in Alaskas Bristol Bay Prices of oil have risen dramatically in the last few years and the nations dependency is becoming too costly. It is estimated by the U. S segment of Interior that nine to 16 billion barrels of recoverable oil can be extracted from ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) in North America.This amount of oil is replete to last the entire United States eighteen months. While these statistics might seem trivial but if the US consumes about 20 million barrels of oil per day, and at a rate of 1. 5 million barrels per day from Alaska, 7. 5% of Americas oil consumption could be met for over 20 years (Muhawi). Prices of oil will dramatically fall. These lowered prices of oil could radically improve the stintingal scenario of United States. In addition to this, American oil imports will also melt off by 15% with the help of the Alaskan oil.American imports ar over 25% from the Middle East. Environmentalists who fear that habitats of caribou, polar bears, wolves, and many other species will be destroyed should relax because only 8 percent (1. 5 million acres) is being analyzed for development. This development will cause negligible environmental damage. It is ill-judged for media to show snowcapped mountains and polar bears as news footage because it misleads audiences and makes them believe that drilling will be in those beas.Areas that will be drilled are on a small part of Alaska where humans already live. Alaska consists of protected land of 141 million acres which is almost equal to the area of California and New York together. So, the rest of Alaska will remain preserved in its true form. The National Academy of Sciences reported lately that oil drilling had troubled some endangered species and made whaling trying however it has neither caused huge oil spills nor a decrease in migration of caribou.Caribou herd that passes through ANWR is predicted to be harmed by the drilling of oil. However, people are often unaware that since drilling started in Prudhoe Bay in 1977 it has actually lead to an increase in migration of the caribou herd from 3,000 to 23,000. Many cutting bounce technologies are also being introduced to reduce and eradicate the negative effects of the drilling. Thousands of jobs and opportunities will also be created from drilling in Alaska. It is estimated that 250,000 to 735000 jobs will be created.(Drilling in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge). This particular development would help the Alaskans by providing them with greater incomes and purchasing power. It has also benefited Alaskans by providing them with better healthcare and schools and other positive societal and economic effects. People who oppose drilling argue that excessive consumption of United States is a bigger problem. They believe that we should rather focus our energies towards consuming lesser oil.This is a great idea yet very hard to follow. Oil, gas and coal are responsible for running eighty-eight percent of Americas transportation, businesses, and trapping needs. No technology, conservation or alternatives can replace these important fuels. Many years of research and testing will bring an alternative or a solution to this problem. Till then we have to rely on our fossil fuels. Another insignificant opposing view is that drilling maybe risky because it might not yield anything.It is also believed to be our last resort and could be used when all our other sources of oil have run out. Both of these views are supported by sentiment and not facts. It is important for the average American to weigh the facts surrounding this controversy and then decide whether Alaskan land should be allowed for drilling oil or not and not be swept away by mere emotion.WORKS CITEDMaking the case for ANWR development. ANWR. ORG. 2005. Retrieved quaternate http//anwr.org/

Discuss Stevensons portrayal of the nature of good and evil and the dual nature of mans personality Essay Example for Free

Discuss St howeversons portrayal of the reputation of effectual and evil and the dual nature of mans personality EssayQuestion- Discuss Stevensons portrayal of the nature of good and evil and the dual nature of mans personality. What does this show us about Stevensons view of victorian Britain?Born into the middle-class, prosperous district of new Edinburgh in Scotland, 1850, the new(a) Robert Louis Stevensons life was a innovation of opposites and contradictions. Just a few miles from his homeland lay the slums of old Edinburgh- a destitute sprawl of old urban living, disease and vice wide deal and both to common. The unfledged Master Stevenson was forbidden from this area, instead confined to his bedroom with his fanatic religious nanny- largely in part to his myopic health and fragile immune system.His nanny, Alison Cunningham, was a devout Calvinist, a religion with a mixture of both Christian and Folk religion ideals. Calvinism teaches that each military man bein g is born into sin, and thus must take it upon themselves to seek divinity fudge, going against their natural inclination. This rule, entitled Total Depravity, was taught to the youthful Stevenson by his nanny, therefore leading the young seven year old to question his every step, paving the way for horrific nightmares of Hell and the fury of the Devil.As Stevenson grew up he found himself move up in the cultural whirling that was Bohemianism. A now teenage Stevenson found himself attending raucous parties and living a second hand existence in near p all overty, as what was expected from any bohemian person. He overly found himself increasingly attached to the bottle and, on much thusly one occasion, visited prostitutes- an act that was seen as greatly immoral in the Victorian era and an action that would certainly take aim shocked his nanny. This deliberate act of ascension shocked his parents and they temporarily disowned him and, although, Stevenson kept his attitudes a nd dislike of religion, the fall-out with his parents made him question the gulf in lifestyle that he and his parents had and the arguments also led him to question plainly what was right, and what was evil.Whilst change of location Stevenson met a certain Fanny Osborne, a women both old(a) so him and already married. They had a short lived affair before Osborne absconded, leaving her husband for the young Stevenson and the couple soon wed. Second marriages were considered a taboo topic in the Victorian era, and Stevenson once again found himself branded as evil and ignorant, go on stimulating Stevensons mind on right and wrong.Stevensons first wrote The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in 1885 and the book was released a year later. Rumour has it that Stevenson wrote the book whilst heavily medicine the author had a considerable liking of Cocaine, a mind-altering drug. The drug would have momentarily changed his perceptions and view on the world, and this is perhaps refl ected in the book, further modify the divide that was be side drumning to shape his book. The book was fairly popular yet drew heavy criticism from some scholars who read the book as an apologue of inappropriate fetch upual desires. At the time Stevenson re-buffed the ideas, through fear of the popularity of his book diminishing, but he later admitted that the book could be read as an fabrication of the troubles of Victorian society. there are many themes that run deep through Stevensons novella, all centred most the line that divides good and evil. This topic of morality particularly interest the Victorian audience, largely thanks to the strength of the British Empire. The common capital of the United Kingdomers heard tales of strange, far-away lands and comic, ritual-abiding tribes man and started to question their own rituals and actions. Stevensons book tapped into this market, asking whether what was considered good and evil was good and evil everywhere, or whether diss imilar people had different opinions on the difficult and dividing topic.Stevensons story begins with The story of the door, an opening chapter which tells the friendship of Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield, two respectable men who freeze off to indulge in the spread of gossip. However they eventually begin to discuss the indecent trampling of a small girl, committed by a mysterious, kinky man, later imaged as Hyde. The fact that Hyde is introduced before Jekyll keeps the character of Mr Hyde fresh in the mind, and the irregular pattern (time-frame) of the book leads to the resulting conclusion being even more startling, oddly for the Victorian audience who wouldnt have expected anything similar to the actual ending.The chapter is also rich in subtle foreshadowing of opposition and restraint. He was austere with himself drank gin when he was alone, to mortify a taste for vintages, is a perfect example of Stevensons subtle touch. The fact that Utterson drank Gin when alone, a drink reg arded at the time as a poor-mans drink, a drink that was crude and often associated with criminals and vice, to quench his thirst, nay, desire for rich wine represents Jekylls attitude towards Hyde Jekyll deliberately starves himself of the drug he slowly becomes given up to, the drug that turns himself into Hyde despite despising Hyde with every bone in his physical structure. Yet Jekyll even feels a craving for the drug and has to substitute himself with separate activitys, despite his attempts at distraction resulting in vain.The setting and atmosphere of Enfields recollection of the night when he first met Hyde also reflects the duality of man, a crucial aspect in Stevensons book. A colour winter morningthere was literally nothing but lamps being a prime example of this. This abnormal lighting situation would produce shadows- the shadows representing the underclass of London society, the people that would hug street walls late at night, trying desperately not to be seen as they went about their shady business. The natural image of the black winter morning also juxtaposes the artificial light of the lamps, depicting the fact that, in the Victorian era, the citizens were always trying to triumph over nature, attempting to create neighborly standards that even Mother Nature abided to. The stark contrast between dark and light is almost ignored in this quotation, as the blackness of the night and the ingenuity of the lamps merge seamlessly into one another, thus representing Enfields confusion.This confusion is epitomised by the quote I got into the state of mind when a man listens and listens and belongs to long for the sight of a policeman,. Enfield states his jumpiness and longing for a policeman, a rather unusual trait as the Metropolitan Police Force was still in its infancy and battling many an uncomplimentary opinion. Also the character was earlier described as a rather dull man, the man about town, an experienced figure who had seen just abou t every city occurrence. Yet here Stevenson describes him as worried and nervous, resolute to find a member of the establishment that was so untrusted virtually town. As well as this Stevenson implies that he character scum bag sense something is wrong he has potentially sourced the overbearing threat of Mr Hyde.This demonstrates the main antagonists intimidating nature before we are even introduced to him. This fear of the unknown could be related to Stevensons upbringing, surrounded by religion and threat of the Devil. In Christianity, and Calvinism, the Devil is both feared and yet paradoxically respected. His fundamentalist nurse would have taught him of the threat of the Devil and also of the reason why the Devil was cast into Heaven (most prominently for failing to run into that he was created by God (that he had a dual nature)). This links in with Hydes nature and internal struggle- he can never intacty become Jekyll because he was created BY Jekyll.The quote like a for est in a fire is a good example of Stevensons views on current society and the changing world that was revolving around him. The simile is used to emphasise the differences between the old, poor row of houses and the new, upper class street- no doubt a product of the industrial revolution that was shortly sweeping the country. Forests contain nothing but wood, and the star most dangerous thing one could encounter in a forest is fire, where the spitting flames spread from tree to tree.The simile could be linked to the Victorian industrial revolution Stevenson views it as a hungry flame, sweeping away all of natures beauty and all of what the world used to comprise of, for now metal and steel is starting to replace the natural woods used to build shelter, and trees were being cut pull down to feed machines, which spat out new inventions and ideas. The quote has a negative edge relating to the industrial revolution, which fits in with Stevensons lifestyle and ethics. For he was a rom anticist, a bohemian- evoke in the preservation of nature, which they believed directly fed and influenced literature, poetry and art. The quote symbolises the divide that the industrial revolution was creating, and also questions whether the industrial revolution is good or bad, withal to how the main theme of the book questions whether mans truly are good or evil.The second chapter, entitled The Search for Mr. Hyde continues with some important quotations regarding the duality of man, It was his use of a Sunday, when this meal was over, to sit good by the fire, a volume of some dry divinity, being one of these. The dry divinity means a religious book or text, and the reading of these kinds of texts was considered a honourable and dutiful act in the Victorian era. However Utterson describes the text as dry- he finds it boring, dull. therefore the quote informs us that Utterson sticks to received Victorian traditionalism, yet aches with boredom in doing so.He yearns to be doi ng something else, somewhere else but feels compelled to follow his upstanding Sunday custom. This is typical of Victorian society and a crucial element of understanding the duality of man. For the Victorians tried to quench mans natural instinct and mould him into a figure they determined respectable. Yet in pushing, in repressing people so far man rebelled, and began to question the life he lived under, leading to all of the Victorian vices, sex, alcoholic drink and homosexuality becoming acceptable. Indeed, if it wasnt for the Victorians oppression of the minority and the poor we probably wouldnt be living in such a free society.The usage of pathetic error is a common and important tool in Stevensons novella. The fog increases in depth and prominence whenever Hyde is near , and the fog clears towards the end of the story when the mystery is close to being unravelled. the first fog of the season, a great chocolate coloured pall lowered over the heavens is a quote from the chapt er The Carew Murder facial expression and the use of pathetic fallacy has connotations of impending danger as well as connotations of the industrial revolution. The chocolate coloured essence of the fog has implications of the industrial revolution poisoning the fog, changing its colour and also the times when the fog appears.The fog is stated as being the first of the season, yet the timeline would mean the fog was unnaturally early, implying the industrial revolution is harming and manipulating Mother Nature. The fog could be interpreted as nothing more then smog, a poisonous relation of the cleaner and more natural fog. The relationship between the unnatural smog, produced by the industrial revolution and the natural fog could also be linked to the relationship between Jekyll and Hyde Hyde is a less natural side effect of Jekylls curiosity, Hyde is the poisonous, dangerous aspect of Jekyll. Jekyll could be interpreted as the influence of nature on Victorian society, an old-fash ioned traditionalist being poisoned by new ideas and new beliefs.The murder of Sir Danvers Carew is an important part of the book, and Stevensons description adds to the sense of confusion and fear that is created. We are fed the murder from the stall of a maid who was romantically given just before the crime was committed. he was trampling his victim under footunder which the bones were audibly shattered and the torso jumped upon the alley is an extract from the murder description. The description is vivid, Stevenson notes how the maid heard the bones shatter, surely an detestable, sickening sound.The murder is incredibly violent, representing Hydes anger boiling to the surface- alas the drive reason for the murder is never truly revealed, leading us to think that Hyde needs violence to satisfy himself when he is allowed to roam free. The phrase the body jumped upon the roadway is also an interesting use of language, possibly representing the violence of the act the body has b een hit and abused so hard it is physically moving away from Hyde, his blows have pushed it away. The phrase adds to the sense of strength Hyde possesses, making him an even more formidable character.with indescribable amazement read the name of Gabriel John Utterson We first learn the full name of Utterson in The Last Night, after Jekyll puts his name on his will. His name could be interpreted as some as incredibly significant to the story. There are many religious connotations in Stevensons novella, and Uttersons first name could be another of these connotations. In the religion of Christianity, Gabriel is the arch-angel of God, and Gods chief messenger. He passes on messages from God to several(a) biblical figures, giving him the title of Gods medium.His role in Christianity is similar to Gabriel John Uttersons in the Strange courtship of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde, he retells messages between Lanyon and Jekyll, and also uncovers the truth by reading messages intended as replies to another. Uttersons first name also reveal his good side- he is a constant friend to Dr. Jekyll end-to-end the novella. Nearly every member of the reading Victorian audience would be familiar with the arch-angel Gabriel, and many readers would have made the link between the two messengers. Stevenson could also of used Uttersons name as a way of stating that not everyone caught up in evil, is evil. Utterson is confronted with pure, undiluted evil a number of times in the story but he never once loses his sense of moral decency or moral fibre.The final chapter in Stevenson story contains the most information regarding the duality of man. The final chapter is in chronological order- right from Jekylls childhood to his death. The chapter also informs us of how Jekyll grew up harbouring an evil side. Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures being an example of his youthful, dual personality. A youthful Jekyll realises that, once one enters manhood and the adult world one must le arn to conceal any hope or joyfulness for fear of be let down by society or taken advantage of. So we learn that, even from childhood, Jekyll is living a lie and hiding his dissolve personality from the world.I was in no sense a hypocrite both sides of me were in dead earnest is an example of a slightly older Jekylls newly stifled personality. He has forced down his natural, animal-like instincts and replaced them with an acceptable, Victorian type attitude. He has learnt to ignore his impulse and instead confer to Victorian era conformity. He has become emotionally repressed and, whilst he is coping at the minute there will always be a threat of his emotions bubbling over in a Jack the Ripper type emergence.My Devil had been long caged, it came out roaringInstantly the spirit of Hell awoke in me and raged is an example of such an outburst. We know from the story that a drug causes Jekylls evil side to emerge but the warning Stevenson writes of is that anybody can be unleashed, any human has the potential to be a crazed mass-murderer, or an evil psychopath if pushed (or oppressed) hard enough. This would of hit a chord with the reading audience who were still recovering from the Jack the Ripper attacks, which left many Londoners wondering just what kind of person could commit such crimes. The answer? Anybody- for the Victorian style of living had the potential to depress, oppress and ultimately, end livesOverall, I believe Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde as a warning to the Victorian reader. He wanted the audience to realise that everyone, regardless of social stature, finance or credibility, had the potential to be evil. Yet, in his novella, Stevenson almost determines that there is no real definition of good and evil. The human body is a complex machine and, like a snowflake, the human body changes with each individual.Humans realise and readily accept that every human has different fingerprints yet seems to find it harder to link this fact with the human brain. For ultimately, every single human is different thus the guidelines of good and evil change with every single person. And, ultimately, who are we to question who is good and who is evil? There are thousands of different religions, what if they are all wrong and the one, true religion (if there is one) actually determines evil as good, and good as evil. We are just mere mortals, and the human brain is the most complex thing on the planet. Before we even begin to scrape the surface of this complex machine, we must first begin to understand the secrets of the universe, and life.Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction. So said Albert Einstein, one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century. I believe that this quote sums up Stevensons approach to the dividing line between good and evil. For where other people of the age, fresh fr om the horrors of the Ripper murders, strived to find a logical answer to the line between good and evil, Stevenson instead moved in the opposite direction. Rather then attempt to answer the question, he questioned the question, asking whether there was an answer to a question that people were still questioning. After all, how can one answer a question that is not even based on fact, or truth, but instead on prediction?Stevensons opinion on religion is prevalent throughout the story. The story has a number of biblical links, no doubt harking back to the days he spent locked in his room with Alison Cunningham, whilst being fed awful stories of Hell and the Devil. There are a number of religious links, one of these being This inexplicable incident, this reversal of my previous experience, seemed, like the Babylonian finger on the wall, to be spelling out the letters of my judgment.This quote mirrors the experience of Prince Belshazzar, a Babylonian prince featured in the book of Danie l. The prince, whilst dining one night, sees a mysterious, bodiless hand floating behind him. As he turned to face it, the hand begun writing in a mysterious code, on the wall. A transcriber later interpreted the coded writing as Thou art weighed In the balance and art found wanting. Later that night Belshazzar is murdered in peculiar circumstances, hence the popular saying the writing on the wall. Jekyll can see his impending doom, due to his evil exploits as Hyde but his good side is still portrayed by Stevenson, the use of religion is used for this.In the book, I believe Stevenson uses religion as a writing technique when Stevenson wants to signify the emotive nature of people , he uses religious links and connotations. Hyde is forever associated with Hell and the Devil, whilst Jekyll and Utterson is associated with Gabriel, and the light side of religion. Religion is used to measure and signify, to compare and contrast. Religion also represents a divide in beliefs and personal ity. The end of the Victorian era was the first time, since the beginning of Christianity, that people were beginning to question and doubt religion. Jekyll and Hyde was penned during this time and concerns itself with the duality of man. Stevenson exclusively used the biggest cultural divide of the day religion, and weaved it into his book, making the theme of duality more relevant to the reading Victorian audience.Overall, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde questions and challenges what would have been conventional beliefs in the Victorian era. It makes the reader question his own sense of right and wrong, and challenges religion and science- the two cultures that were so opposed to each other in the Victorian ere. It incorporates the depression that surrounded the Victorian dynasty, the industrial revolution, the Jack the Ripper murders and the strict conformity of living the Victorians imposed.But it also includes the first green shoots of hope that began to surface arou nd the late 1800s- Charles Darwins The Theory of Evolution is integrated through Jekylls science and the fact that Jekyll, despite through the persona of Hyde, engaged in activities such as sex and alcoholism sent the message that man can experiment, as long as it didnt threaten or harm anyone else. The book was aware of the duality and variety of its audience and revelled in this. Stevensons book was a revolution in itself. For it changed the conventional type of living and made people question the rules they lived under. And any book that can influence people on this scale is a rare, and beautiful, thing.The mark of a good action is that it appears inevitable in retrospect.

Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology Essay

Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology EssayAs a member of a minority sort this subject is something of interest and has personal relevance to my experiences living in a pre-dominantly white companionship. The absence of appropriate Asian usance models in the media such as television, films, history, newspapers and in positions of credible political and economic influence, stimulated a natural process of personal questioning of identify. The social labels which surround us each supreme or negative shape our perceptions of self and influence the kind of decisions we impart. If we dont check the social fabrics of society in which self is developed and do not elicit a genuine inquiry into how heaviness functions, we end up living those social labels. Some of these nates be misuseful and cause us to constitute disadvant historic periodd even to the point of subjugation of ourselves. It could be argued that this is an un belike phenomena merely psychological subjugation is a well-researched and uncontested concept amongst academics. I am scarcely when referring to and naming what it really is, internalised self-subjugation.This paper pass on attempt to examine the discourses and ideas which shape and influence our understanding of conquering as well as establishing a tie beam between this and social labelling. Oppression as a concept has a very broad meaning and relates to dissimilar forms of minority groups in different ship canal. In this paper I leave explore the family of oppression drawing on various forms of resources and information to support a particular perceptive. It should be accepted that oppression is not exclusive to race but impacts on other groups such as women, disability, age, sexual orientation and class with varying degrees of intensity and differences. However, for the purposes of this grant I will specifi wishy condense on the concept of race. I will present the four key criterias of oppression presente d by Ann Cudd in her al-Quran Analysing Oppression (Cudd, 2006) and then focus on the effects of social labelling as phenomena. I will present a view that in order to understand oppression we must also understand the social systems, structures and influences that facilitates internalised oppression. My conclusion will aim to provide some suggestions towards highlighting how to end oppression and limit or reduce its effect on case-by-cases who atomic number 18 exposed to the dynamics of oppression.Defining layers of oppressionHistory literature books document oppression in different ways from religious repression, class differences, poverty and wealth, language and knowledge just to name a few (Kernohan 1998). Oppression is traditionally understood to relate to the loss of throw overboarddom, free choice, independence and capabilities due to actions of those in positions of power (Wartenberg 1992). Half a century ago, if asked the question what is oppression, many would refer to slavery or colonialism. In this day and age there is a greater understanding and awareness of oppression. Iris Young a respected author on the subject of power and oppression highlights how oppression has a much broader understanding reservation credit rating to systematic and morphologic phenomena that are not requirement the result of the intentions of a tyrant. Oppression in the structural sense is part of the basic fabric of a society, not a function of a few peoples choice or policies(Young, 1992, p. 176). In this respect oppression can be considered to be in the psychological and behavioural patterns of every member of society including those who are well meaning individuals whether they are aware of it or not.Oppression as we once thought of is far more subtle, as Jean Harvey explains civilised oppression involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. besides these subtle forms are by far the intimately prevalent in Western industrialised societies (Harvey, 1999 , P. 1). Recognising different forms of oppression means decoding cultural and social norms which do not clearly categorise or has a clear distinct oppressor. We all contribute to oppression in different ways and bear on forms of harm consciously or unconsciously, either to ourselves or to others (Harvey, 1999).Ann Cudd champions us to explain this provided by outlining four key criterias which are necessary and appropriate in increasing our understanding of oppressionOppression must involve some sort of physical or psychological harm, though it may not be recognised as harm by the ones who are crush (Cudd, 1994, p.25). So harm can be imposed without universe self-conscious limiting ones liberty of choice relative to other in ones society (Cudd, 1994, p.25).Oppression is a kind of harm that individual members of group suffer by virtue of their social rank in that group. harm that comes to persons because they belong to a group that they closely identify with, so that the har m attaches to their very self-image (ibid). Individuals are not oppressed as individuals but due to their social station to a specific group, such as race, gender, disability or sexual orientation. Keith Vaz MP might not be considered as being oppressed although black men in society are. He has the same limitations as other black men who beget less power in society and will have obstacles to cross that other white men take for privilege.The third criteria, is what Cudd refers to as the privilege group (Cudd, 1998). She assoils the point that an individual who has membership to a group which benefits from the oppression is advantaged by their association and status. However, not every individual member of the group will be intentionally or knowingly benefiting but they gain from the membership to that group.Oppression must involve some kind of coercion or force ((Cudd, 1994). Coercion is the lack of ability to make free choice. Cudd goes on to explain that coercion is not the abs ence of all choice, but a lack of the right kind of choices, namely, voluntary choices (Cudd, 1994, p. 27). Cudd suggests that this is what explains injustices of oppression.A further propMy concept of oppression will focus on Ann Cudds coercion criteria with some variation. Not all coercion might be considered immoral as an explanation towards injustices of oppression. at that place are other forms of oppression, more subtle kinds which equally are not coercive such as psychological oppression. Prilleltensky and Nelson make reference to Sandra Bartky who states To be psychologically oppressed is to be weighed down in your mind it is to have a harsh dominion exercised over your self-esteem. The psychologically oppressed constrain their own oppressors they come to exercise harsh dominion over their own self-esteem. Differently put, psychological oppression can be regarded as the internalisation of intimations of unfavorable position ((Isaac Prilleltensky, 2002, p. 13).In this re spect there is no force or coercion individuals will have the ability to make free choice in making decisions, so the lack of voluntary choice is not affected. Individuals who are psychologically oppressed decease their own persecutors. The options are available to them but they are only likely to make decisions and choices which their culture or community demands of them. There are other forms of elements of oppression at work which are dynamic, fluent and interact, as oppression doesnt occur in isolation but many forces come together in order to hold people in a state of oppression (Frye 2005).Oppression is well documented throughout history and in literature. Particular references are made to slavery of the treatment of African slaves, the holocaust and the suffering and squeeze of European Jews. The systematic discrimination against sexual minorities including gay and lesbians ((Cudd, 2006). The disproportionate use of stop and search against black minorities being seven times more likely to be stopped by the police compared whites ((Muffler, 2006).The above examples make reference to the way in which physical ill-treatment is used to subjugate particular groups of people. However, the most efficient and effective way a society can propagate oppression is by a system of non-physical means transforming into a process of what we call negative labelling or commonly referred to as stereotyping.There are many studies undertaken which highlight the effects of stereotyping on particular groups. This includes how these groups of individuals self-categorise themselves into positive or negative stereotyping which either way leads to negative and damaging effects. Michael Hogg refers to a study undertaken by Jost and Elsbach suggesting the link between stereotyping and power differentials as a negative force inwardly social relations which results in distortion, control and insincere awareness of the oppressed groups reality ((Hogg, 2002). The element of control is imbedded into the soul of the individuals being stereotyped. Altshuller refers to the following quote by Jost and Banaji those with power can control ideas, beliefs, and stereotypes in the same way they control other social and material resources and can thereby instil a false consciousness in the powerless such that the powerless become complicit in their own disadvantage ((Altshuller, 1999, p. 325). The weak become accepting of their position of being oppressed and psychologically become their own oppressors by self-limiting their opportunities and life chances. Cudd makes the following point, it is not that they (the psychologically oppressed) will prefer oppression to justice, or subordination to e shade, rather they will prefer the kinds of social roles that tend to subordinate them, make them less able to choose, or give them fewer choices to make (Cudd, 2008, p. 114).There has been varying degrees of research analysing the relationship between oppression and stereotyping which support findings that individuals who are negatively stereotyped adopt the stereotyping. This in turn sets into motion self-defeating beliefs which develops into limiting factors in accessing life opportunities. In a study conducted by Devos and Banaji they refer to how stereotyping leads to a type of phenomenon that results in self-stereotyping ((Banaji, et el, 2005).However, stereotyping distorts the reality of the lived experiences of individuals who are being stereotyped. Sayers suggests that the media influences our perceptions and that these perceptions then influence our behaviour towards stereotyped groups (Sayre, 2009, p. 318). So for example if we see a rebellious young teenage black adolescent, we may perceive him/her as having a violent culture in equality to a white civilised European culture. Instead of challenging institutional oppression we use blame to shift the focus of responsibility (Cudd, 2006).Stereotyping can be damaging in other ways. According to the guess of stereotype threat ((Laurie A. Rudman, 2008) the existence of such stereotypes means that anything one does or any of the ones features that conform to it make the stereotype more plausible as a self-characterisation in the eyes of others, and peradventure even in ones own eyes (Steele and Aronson, 1995, p. 797).A further dimension to stereotyping is direct situational threat that arises through negative stereotyping. This relates to the risk of being treated or judged in a stereotypical way or even perhaps self-fulfilling the stereotype.Immediate situational threat is another result of the negative stereotypes against a group. That is the threat of the possibility of being judged or treated stereotypically, or even self-fulfilling the stereotype. This stereotype threat, agree to Stangor, Can befall anyone with a group identity about which some negative stereotype exists, and for the person to be threatened in this way he need not even believe the stereotype. He need only know that it stands as a hypothesis about him in situations where the stereotype is relevant(Stangor, 2000, p. 370).There are many studies carried out exploring the relationship between stereotype threat and poor intellectual tests (Weiten, 2012). Different people will react differently to situational threat. Individuals will either blame themselves for their lack of achievements or internalise inferiority, both of which leads to lowering their rank and status in society (Aronson, 1995). Internalising the blame leads to individuals not feeling they have the ability or confidence to succeed, therefore they are likely not even to make any attempt. So for example, I have always cherished to paraglide. It might not be in my capabilities, so have never tried and never will. However, it will not affect my life opportunities, impact on my quality of life or leave me in an oppressed social status. Nevertheless, self-blame could cause to decrease and lower quality of life. If self-blame is used for our lack of success on our incapacities, it would make it problematic to identify and challenge institutional oppression. Self-blame is the final ingredient in maintaining oppression.Realigning the balanceIn order to redress the balance, there are different ways to overcome oppression in culture and attain a more egalitarian society. This requires personal commitment in challenging oppressive structure. It requires re-structuring of establish institutions and the thought processes that influences them. It is helpful to remember that just now making policies to encourage change does not help, although policies give some direction reflecting where society is going, it does not simply fight social justice and reduce oppression (OConnor, 2003, p. 20).It is not a far-fetched view, that stereotyping is used to justify all kinds of harms on groups of individuals. Harm causes damage to ones ability. Therefore any harm that violates ones self and their development of human abili ty is a violation of universal and human rights (Nussbaum, 2001). The impact and effect of negative labelling attacks and destroys his/her sense of self image by violating their experiences. This violation occurs not only physically but through years of training and being subject to negative messages, instilling a false consciousness and it is this which results in oppression.All human beings have a right to live free of physical and emotional violations which results in any form of harm. Each individual has the right to dignity, self-worth, and to maximise their internal emf without the fear of abuse. Through self-stereotyping, if we lack the confidence that we do not have abilities then we are less likely to pursue and develop our capabilities.However, simply having basic human rights is not sufficient to bypass the harm which oppression causes. Challenging cultural dynamics, religious practices and social norms which realise the kinds of conditions for oppression to flourish sh ould be confronted through education and providing information enabling individuals to make decisions and choices that do not violate their sense of self.Developing influential role models that advocate and develop a collective identify regardless of their individuality can function in developing images of credible and honourable representatives. Such individuals would help to counter the negative portrayal of groups which are likely to be exposed to some form of negative labelling.ConclusionThe path to ending all forms of oppression is by far not an easy journey. More often than not minority leaders rarely challenge the structures or the system but kind of they adapt to increase their own access to power. It is not uncommon that many minority leaders holding positions of influence create an impression of equality of fortune which is reassuring to the privilege groups. However, this kind of representation could be damaging to the oppressed groups, as it distorts the reality of th e oppressed, ignoring the very real problem with cultural oppression. This has the risk of ascendent the conditions and social problems which keeps people in their underprivileged positions. Rather than focusing on readdressing the system, oppressed groups are ridiculed, blamed and stereotyped for their circumstances (Segal, 2009).To overcome the impact of self-stereotyping, simply ending social stereotype is not enough. More needs to be done to increase individuals ability and self-worth, so that every member of society can enjoy their true human rights. Social conditioning starts at a very early age, which defines our identity and the realisation of our ability or the lack of it. If we focus on countering the destructive stereotypes in our communities, then drawing our attention at children when they are young might be a start. This would include improving the quality of education and funding for the schools, but also ensure that funding is distributed equally to avoid creating a culture of differential treatment.Education of adults is another element which would assist in reducing oppression. What is needed here is effective training that not only focuses on the future members of society but also on those individuals who are affected by oppression and stereotype threat currently. In this exists the challenge and the goal at reversing the stereotypes and reconstructing individual capabilities. Re-establishing and re-developing the undermined capabilities is our primary task here. Education which raises the awareness and charge oppressed groups should benefit from public support. There is no doubt that education itself is not just simply a cure to a complex chemical chain of dynamics such as oppression but it remains the most firmly established institution towards seeking restoration. An educational method originating and centred from the experiences of the oppressed is what is needed. In his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire gives the followin g quote Just as the oppressor, in order to oppress, needs a theory of oppressive action, so the oppressed, in order to become free, also need a theory of action. The oppressor elaborates his theory of action without the people, for he stands against them. Nor can the people-as long as they are crushed and oppressed, internalizing the image of the oppressor-construct by themselves the theory of their liberating action. Only in the encounter of the people with the revolutionary leader-in their communion, in their praxis-can this theory be built (Freire, 2007, p. 183). Having leaders with integrity and institutional support are the necessary elements in the ending of oppression.Greater understanding and awareness should be developed into making individuals motivation independent from the negative identities, so that we have a society that is built on strong ambitious people. As part of a broader community, restructuring the capabilities which have been damaged and developing people to an equal threshold of using their potential and capabilities. Encouraging positive perceptions of identity would result in opening up many different possibilities and experiences which is critical in undermining the negative patterns of thoughts and feelings which result in internalising the oppression. decrease the patterns of oppressive thoughts would be one of the first challenges towards making progress in ending all forms of internal and external oppression.

Person centred theory and its application in practice

Person centred theory and its application in practicePerson-centred therapy is one of the humanistic approaches and derives from the work of Carl Rogers. It is based on the assumption each one-on-one/ knob has the potential to understand themselves and the ability to solve their own puzzles. Rogers (1953/1967 p92, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) firmly believed that, the inner spirit of mans personality is the organism itself-importance, which essentially is both(prenominal) self-preserving and neighborly and through this belief Rogers developed several key theoretical concepts of the person-centred approach.The organismal self, as Rogers saw it, is the human being, the sensory, bodily and visceral functions (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The organismic self is essentially trustworthy and strives to grow and achieve its full potential, it experiences the inner smackings and deep seated desires and knows what it conduce ons, both mentally and physically from the environment and early(a) people in order to develop to its full potential. The proclivity towards yield is known as the actualising tendency. Rogerss theory suggests that it is in human nature to grow, as it is for a plant, an example Rogers used to explain his theory. A plant does not adopt to be made to grow, it is innate. Given the right conditions the plant will thrive to be the best that it shag be. As with people, if they atomic number 18 given the right conditions they will thrive to reach their potential and become the best person they can be (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). However, for people it means more than just growth and survival, it is the satisfaction of physical and psychological needs. This theory was also supported by Abraham Maslow (1970, cited in Bernstein et al 2003), who developed a hierarchy of motives that need to be satisfied in order to reach self-actualisation. In essence the hierarchy can be split into two levels physiological needs such oxygen, food, keeping w arm, avoiding danger etc and psychological needs such as love, acceptance, and respect will lead to self actualisation (Bernstein et al 2003). Rogers believed that in order to satisfy the actualising tendency, we need to select experiences that will en sufficient us to grow, and be able to accept these experiences into our self-structure and awareness (Tolan 2003). Rogers suggested that the environment an individual finds themselves in is the that constraint on the actualizing tendency (Thorne 2006) and the progress of people whose experiences of the self become distorted is likely to slowed or until now stopped. The need for tyrannical adherence and approval from others can become overwhelming and eventually could take precedence over the thoughts and feelings of the organismic self.Rogers saw that from an early age children influence to need other peoples approval, or positive regard and the child will evaluate themselves as good for having earned approval. However, if a be haviour arising from what the individual is real experiencing fails to earn positive regard then a conflict arises. The individual must either do without the positive regard or re-evaluate the self-experience and change their behaviour in order to receive positive feedback (Bernstein 2003). These experiences form the self-concept, which is the way that individual thinks of them. The self-concept is another key concept of the person-centred approach. It is the individuals conceptual representation of themselves, developed over meter and is mainly dependent on the attitudes and behaviour of significant people in an individuals life and the environment they are in. Once a self-concept is get toed it is usually fortify through behaviour that will elicit approval and suppress feelings, thoughts or behaviours that bring about damaging judgment from others. Experiences which challenge the self-concept are likely to be distorted or even denied altogether in order to preserve it. (Thorn e, 1996). Difficulties can occur if a persons overwhelming need for positive regard from others is not met or is conditional upon their behaviour. Psychological disturbance occurs when the individuals self-concept contradicts with the thoughts or feelings that the individual organismically experiences (Mearns and Thorne, 2008).The ability to weigh up and to value experiences positively or negatively is known as the organismic valuing process. It is a fluid process by which experiences are valued according to how beneficial they are for enhancing towards self-actualisation. This means that experiences which are beneficial are sought-after(a) after, however, experiences that are not seen as beneficial are valued as bad and avoided, this can lead to a distrust or disassociation with the organismic self (Mearns and Thorne 2008). The distrust in the organismic self can also be due to repeated messages that an individual has received or perceived from their environment. When we take somet hing in from our environment, such as we evaluate it in relation to our internal valuing process, this kind of internalisation is called introjection. Introjects are the beliefs, attitudes, judgements or values of another person which are taken into the individual and become part of their self-concept (Thorne, 1996). By seeking approval from others individuals will introject attitudes or beliefs that are contradictory to their own feelings. When we take in something that doesnt fit into our self-concept we may reject it, or we may deny or distort some other aspect of our experience. In a therapeutic background knowledge introjects can usually be identified by statements such as I ought to be or I should this can lead to a negative self-concept and cause the individual to become incongruent. (Tudor Embleton 2004). The organismic valuing process can also be disturbed by self-concepts that shit been based on conditional positive regard, or conditions of worth.Conditions of worth are the feelings an individual experiences when the person is evaluated, instead of the persons behaviour. When the significant people in a persons life appear to value certain aspects of a behaviour or trait, the individual also learns to do this. Subsequently the individual will seek out some experiences and avoid others because they take aim learned to regard themselves in a particular way, for example if a parent says to their child I dont like you when you cry, the child may learn not to cry even if they are feeling genuine distress. (Tudor Embleton et al 2004). Through conditions of worth and negative self-concepts an individual can lose touch which their organismic self and become dependent on others to dictate the actions, according to Rogers this person would have an external locus of evaluation.A person with an external locus of evaluation will usually have been surrounded by people who are critical and judgemental. In order to receive approval and positive regard the indivi dual will develop ship canal to behave. This is usually contradictory to the organismic self, which ceases to be effective as a source of knowledge or guidance for the individual. As a result the individual begins to rely on others to make their decisions and loses touch with what they really think and feel. (Mearns and Thorne 2008). In a therapeutic setting a counsellor/ healer must be aware if a thickening is presenting with a highly externalised locus of evaluation, as the client could interpret what the therapist says as advice or validation for behaviour. For example thickening I just dont know what to do, I deprivation to be a good mute and spend time with my children, but I also want my own social life, thats not wrong is it?Therapist So you feel by having a social life you arent being a good mumClient Exactly, I feel I am being selfish. What should I do?This client is incongruent due to her inner desires to have a social life and the conflict with her self-concept of what a good mum should be. The client asks the therapist for their opinion, which also suggests an external locus of evaluation. In contrast to this is the internal locus of evaluation.psychologically healthy people are those who have been fortunate to live be surrounded by people whose acceptance and approval has enabled them to develop self-concepts that allow them to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences (Mearns and Thorne 2008, p11). This will enable them to move towards what Rogers (1963, cited in Mearns and Thorne 2008) describes as a fully functioning person. A fully functioning person is rotate to experiences and is not overly concerned with the opinions of others. This person would be able to trust their own ability to know what is good or bad for their development, they would be able to listen to themselves and make their own decisions, this person would have an internal locus of evaluation. A significant moment in therapy is when a client recognises their i nner feelings and begins to sour using an internal locus of evaluation.Importance of the therapeutic relationshipIn a speech at the University of Minnesota Rogers saidTherapy is not a emergence of doing something about himself. It is instead a matter of freeing him for normal growth and development so that he can again move forward. (Rogers, 1942, p29, cited in Dryden Mytton, 1999, p75)A key difference from other types of therapy is that the person-centred approach is non-directive and a greater emphasis is placed on the quality of the relationship rather than the use of techniques. The personal qualities and attitudes of the therapist are often seen as more important than their formal education or qualifications. The person-centred approach believes that it is the therapeutic relationship that can liberate the client from blockages to the actualising tendency (Dryden Mytton 1999). The aim of the counsellor in the therapeutic relationship is to create conditions where the growth or actualising process is encouraged, in turn this will free the client from their restrictions created by conditions of worth and introjects and enable them to listen to their inner voice (Mearns and Thorne 2008). Rogers believed that in the therapeutic relationship clients, often for the first time, experience acceptance rather than evaluation and feel free to recognise their organismic self. The therapist does not create an assessment of the client, nor do they label the client, Rogers regarded this as detrimental as the labelling process places the evaluation in the hands of an expert. In person-centred counselling the client is viewed as the expert about him/herself and the therapist is the expert only in maintaining the attitudinal conditions in the relationship with the client, not as an expert on the client (Dryden Mytton 1999). If the therapist was to be viewed as the expert this would create a power imbalance in the relationship and the person-centred approach regards it as essential that the client realises that they can trust their own experiencing and the validity of their own perceptions. Thorne (1996) believed that those who gain the most from person-centred therapy are those who are willing to change and recognise their voice and responsibility in the therapeutic process. The person-centred approach is process orientated and Rogers believed if certain necessary conditions are present then changes will occur and the process of growth can take place. Rogers listed what he regarded as the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change (Rogers, 1957 p95, cited in Dryden Mytton 1999 p76)Two persons are in psychological contact. Rogers (1959) set forth this as the least or minimum experience which could be called a relationship (p. 207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) meaning that the therapist and client have to be mutually aware of each other before the process can begin. There does not need to be an emotional connec tion or closeness for there to be psychological contact, it is a simple contact between two persons (Rogers, 1959 p207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004, p40).The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable and anxious. One implication of client incongruence being one of the necessary and sufficient conditions is that the client is needs to have some self-identified problem in order to be motivated to seek therapy. Furthermore, if the client is vulnerable to anxiety this, in theory, would motivate them to stay in the therapeutic relationship (Mearns and Thorne, 2008).The heartbeat person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. According to Rogers (1973, p186) congruence or genuineness is the realness of the therapist in the relationshipWhen the therapist is natural and impulsive he seems to be most effective (cited in Mearns Thorne 2008 p119). Rogers believed that if the therapist was outwardly showing warmth and acceptance, but was inwardly feeling irritation, the client would sense this and it would have a negative effect on the therapeutic relationship (Dryden Mytton 1999). Wilkins (1997) stated that the therapist needs to be open to their feelings and inner experiences, but does not need to communicate their feelings to the client (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). Congruence enables the client to be able to trust the experience of the counsellor, which in turn can help to establish a therapeutic relationship whereby the client feels genuinely understood and accepted (Tolan, 2003).The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client. UPR is the attitude of the therapist towards the client. If the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. Bozworth (1996) argued that the clients experiencing of UPR is the most therapeutically effective of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The client does not need t o distort their inner feelings to receive acceptance, therefore they can begin to become aware of organismic experiences and hopefully reduce the feelings of internal conflict (Embleton Tudor et al 2004).The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal flesh of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The key characteristic of empathy is being able to understand another persons subjective reality as they experience it. This requires an orientation toward the clients drift of reference (Cooper et al 2007). To be able to communicate empathically the therapist must accurately reflect what the content or affect of what the client conveyed, or the think meaning of what was said. The importance of this is that it conveys to the client that the therapist understands what they are saying, it also gives the clients the opportunity to reflect on what they have said and the possibly find meaning in it (Josefwitz Myran 2005).The parl ey to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. The therapist has a responsibility to communicate empathetic understanding and UPR to their client in order for the client to feel that they are in an environment where they are accepted and understood. Rogers (1957, p 99) stated unless some communication of these attitudes has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned (cited in Embleton Tudor 2004, p44).The nerve conditions and the application of theory to practiceOf the six necessary and sufficient conditions that have just briefly been expound, congruence, UPR and empathy have come to be described as the core conditions. I shall describe these core conditions in more depth and aim to demonstrate their application in practice.CongruenceCongruence can be described using terms such as, transparent, genuine or authentic, but the essence of congruence in a therapeutic relationship is that the therapist relates to the client in a way that reflects their inner awareness and feelings. The therapist should have an ongoing awareness of their experiencing (Mearns Thorne 2000). Rogers (1957) stressed that congruence is a state of being, and a therapist should only communicate their feelings when they are persistent and of great strength and when communication of them assists the therapeutic process.Result Endeavouring to be so open the counsellor acts as a procedure model sending the message that its ok to feel and communicate feelings. In order to develop and maintain congruence counsellors need to constantly work at being aware of their underlying feelings and also to realise the importance of having supervision and working on their own personal growth.

Database Management: Law, Ethics and Security

Database Management Law, Ethics and protectionLaw, Ethics, and SecurityStandards Relevant legal and ethical standards need to be considered in the event design and in future implementation. (SNHU.)A combination of issues have introduced strong ethical concerns in selective informationbase design increase in size of data, change magnitude sophistication in mechanisms and convenience of access systems, increased invisibility (through absorption into the application and/or the recitationr interface), increase in circulation and excessive, globalized sharing of reading, increased fundamental interaction with other databases and applications, increased amounts of personal cultivation, increased merchandising of information and poor or lacking security for database owners. (Goguen.)Addition wholey, the risks have been augmented by new technologies light source database management systems cloud computing and social softw are applications. With the combined three, the only defense ag ainst the unethical use of information is the ethical standards of the stakeholders themselves. (DeMers.)Ethics is a set of principles of right conduct or a theory or a system of moral values. In a civilized society, morality and morals guide and precede the law. There are no legal laws to govern how individuals morally behave. Nevertheless, legal and ethical guides/rules essential be applied to protect the information collected in databases.Limit access of data or prevent inappropriate access to all or part of a data set. maximise the skills required in involveing/using the existing system data.Implement total data transparency, i.e., include features that convey to the dismiss user the feeling alike(p) he/she is the databases only user, or hide all the added complexities of distri besidesion, making users assume that they are working with a single centralized system.Include the concept of volunteer informed consent.Address data protection issues and security concerns.En veri table that copyrights are protected.Observe copyright laws (avoid all usage of materials/information without prior and correct consent).When expanding globally, learn and observe applicable regional and/or international laws.Protect IP (Intellectual Property) and IPR (Intellectual Property Rights).Do not infringe upon the intellectual property or patents of others. asseverate detailed records of everything (research materials, database rules, etc.) not only for future references but to protect against possible accusations/allegations of impropriety or misconduct).Legal Compliance The best practices in design, data use, and stock to take care legal compliance must be implemented. (SNHU.)Certain principles or practices address the increasing complexity of data usage, processing and store at all levels and stages of a business as well as the associated consequences and effects. By adopting these principles, companies can help ensure that privacy and information security become an essential character of its technologies and business practices from the outset.Understand the business model and rules, specifically, how the enterprise will interact with its customers at every step of the way.Implement appropriate information security policies or build technical reinforcements as to how client information is maintained, stored, collected, used and shared. This will help identify and avert potential privacy issue concerns and risks.Protect cardholder data (including bank and credit card accounts, social security, etc.).Encrypt transmission of cardholder data (to defense the data in the event it falls into the wrong hands).Protect stakeholder information (including email addresses, telephone numbers to protect them against spamming, phishing and/or unwanted robocalling). handle abreast of legal developments and regulations concerning privacy and information security. Seek legal advice as required.Keep data completely anonymous (within and outside the organization ).Acquire the users consent before obtaining any personal and dainty information.Ethical Practices The best practices in design, data use, and storage can be implemented to ensure the ethical operation of the company. (SNHU.)Following and applying ethical and moral obligations will ensure the trust and confidence of users and customers. The protection of these stakeholders should be the primary concern of any business enterprise.Respect the privacy of users.Never share or pass on a customers personal information to any other person or party without first informing the customer and obtaining his/her consent.Reduce the efforts of repeated and unnecessary collection of data on the user.Be impulsive to stand customers access to any stored information that the system has on them.Allow users the right to have this information modified or deleted if inaccurate or illegitimately collected.Be prepared to inform customers the reasons that the enterprise is collecting, storing and using pe rsonal information.Ensure safe/secure storage and disposal of customer information. Be prepared to provide a customer with any request for the return, transfer, or destruction of the data. (Yeung.)Choose the appropriate and suitable database model for the company.Use the data appropriately (i.e., do not misuse or sell it for profit or otherwise).Immediately disclose security breaches to stakeholders, the local State Attorney General, Data Protection Supervisory Authority, and any other government agencies.Ensure stakeholders continued access to their information.Ensure data integrity to discourage against data tampering.Hire trustworthy, reliable and experienced staff. Perform mount checks if necessary.Security Needs of Solution In consideration of the type of organization selected, the data used, and consideration of legal and ethical standards, the security needs of your DBMS solution are required. (SNHU.)The group/department for which the enterprise data model was constructed re lates to customer sales. Like most enterprises, the success of Vinces Vinyl relies upon customer satisfaction. Therefore, customer data must be protected and kept secure at all cost.Maintain, guard and protect the privacy of customers/users.Monitor and keep user data current (e.g., ensure that the credit cards on file have not expired).Keep data secure and confidential.Document data (explain how it was created or digitized, what it contains, including its structure and any data manipulations). This will ensure data preservation and continuation.Ensure adequate information security (e.g., personal data, financial data, customer purchases, transactions and references).Devote time and vigilance to security matters. Be aware of obvious vulnerabilities to the database management system.Fortify perimeter security and defenses much(prenominal) as firewalls and intrusion detection systems/intrusion prevention systems (IDS/IPS). consider primarily of security in every step of the way. Perf orm regular and deep database vulnerability scans and assessments.Apply restrictions when granting users access to the database and come off the access privileges periodically.Encrypt sensitive data. Be sure to manage the encryption/decryption keys, and change them regularly.Periodically monitor and audit user authentication. (AscentTech.com.)Database Security Plan A comprehensive but high-level security management plan for the design that will align to organizational needs should be implemented. (SNHU.)In addition to the security required to safeguard the customers, Vinces Vinyl should establish certain security practices. This will not only guard against infringement of privacy issues but also against malicious attacks and security breaches such as identity theft. Such data must be protected from self-appointed access and malicious attacks (e.g., Trojan, virus, worms, malware, adware, spyware, DDoS). Of special concern is SQL injection, which does not infect the end users direct ly. Instead it infects a website, allowing the attacker to gain unauthorized access to the database and the ability to retrieve all the valuable information stored in the database.Only allow and take in the creation of strong usernames and passwords.When systems/applications come with built-in default usernames and passwords (which have been created for easy set up), the log-on information should be erased and replaced as soon as possible.Periodically review the database configuration and delete any unnecessary or unused components since certain database vulnerabilities exploit add-ons and extensions. Avoid creating complex systems. Simplify or only install components that are necessary.Keep the OS, browser(s), software, and hardware current. Apply the necessary updates and security patches.Apply secure coding practices.Frequently monitor and audit the database to determine vulnerabilities, monitor, and audit again. Use available, twopenny-halfpenny tools to deploy monitoring and auditing automatically. Some tools include prevention capabilities.Protect not only the data but the servers on which they reside.Keep computers and devices physically inaccessible to unauthorized users. Apply strong passwords and usernames.Maintain strict business procedures, e.g., assign individuals specific roles that they should be accountable for (e.g., backing up data, generating reports, verifying data integrity).Implement proper authorization to allow individuals the ability to see only the data that they are authorized to access.Maintain a secure storage of sensitive data (e.g., use strong passwords, install firewalls, intrusion prevention and intrusion detection systems).Properly authenticate users (i.e., make sure that a person is who he/she claims to be and is not an impostor).Apply granular access control and determine how much data an authorized user should be allowed to see. Isolate portions of the database to prevent unlimited access. For example, while a user might be allowed access to his/her personal data, he/she must not be allowed to view/access other users data.Maintain regular backups or data movement onto disk, tape, or stored at third-party sites which are also secured and tracked. Encrypt backups to prevent unauthorized viewing or access.Keep the backups current to enable recovery should the need arise.Implement a documented disaster recovery plan to minimize time loss which could impact the business.Apply integrity constraints by maintaining effectual and current information.Enforce encryption to incoming and outgoing data.Record and verify database log reports, histories, changes, etc. Keep everything well documented.Train the personnel and make sure that everyone understands and has a grasp of both desktop and cloud database security.Implement strict safety procedures for everyone to follow on a regular basis.References28 Types of Computer Security Threats and Risks. (n.d.). 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